| 1. |
- Hallvig, D., et al.
(författare)
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Sleepy driving on the real road and in the simulator - A comparison
- 2013
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 50, s. 44-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sleepiness has been identified as one of the most important factors contributing to road crashes. However, almost all work on the detailed changes in behavior and physiology leading up to sleep related crashes has been carried out in driving simulators. It is not clear, however, to what extent simulator results can be generalized to real driving. This study compared real driving with driving in a high fidelity, moving base, driving simulator with respect to driving performance, sleep related physiology (using electroencephalography and electrooculography) and subjective sleepiness during night and day driving for 10 participants. The real road was emulated in the simulator. The results show that the simulator was associated with higher levels of subjective and physiological sleepiness than real driving. However, both for real and simulated driving, the response to night driving appears to be rather similar for subjective sleepiness and sleep physiology. Lateral variability was more responsive to night driving in the simulator, while real driving at night involved a movement to the left in the lane and a reduction of speed, both of which effects were absent in the simulator. It was concluded that the relative validity of simulators is acceptable for many variables, but that in absolute terms simulators cause higher sleepiness levels than real driving. Thus, generalizations from simulators to real driving must be made with great caution.
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| 2. |
- Hallvig, David, et al.
(författare)
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Real driving at night - predicting lane departures from physiological and subjective sleepiness
- 2014
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Ingår i: Biological Psychology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-0511 .- 1873-6246. ; 101, s. 18-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Only limited information is available on how driving performance relates to physiological and subjective sleepiness on real roads. This relation was the focus of the present study. 33 volunteers drove for 90min on a rural road during the afternoon and night in an instrumented car, while electroencephalography and electrooculography and lane departures were recorded continuously and subjective ratings of sleepiness were made every 5min (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale - KSS). Data was analyzed using Bayesian multilevel modeling. Unintentional LDs increased during night driving, as did KSS and long blink durations(LBD). Lateral position moved to the left . LDs were predicted by self-reported sleepiness and LBDs across time and were significantly higher in individuals with high sleepiness. Removal of intentional LDs, enhanced the KSS/LD relation. It was concluded that LDs, KSS, and LBDs are strongly increased during night driving and that KSS predicts LDs.
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| 3. |
- Krašna, Simon, et al.
(författare)
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Human Response to Longitudinal Perturbations of Standing Passengers on Public Transport During Regular Operation
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-4185. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates the response of standing passengers on public transport who experience balance perturbations during non-collision incidents. The objective of the study was to analyse the effects of the perturbation characteristics on the initial responses of the passengers and their ability to maintain their balance. Sled tests were conducted on healthy volunteers aged 33.8 ± 9.2 years (13 males, 11 females) standing on a moving platform, facilitating measurements of the initial muscle activity and stepping response of the volunteers. The volunteers were exposed to five different perturbation profiles representing typical braking and accelerating manoeuvres of a public transport bus in the forward and backward direction. The sequence of muscle activations in lower-extremity muscles was consistent for the perturbation pulses applied. For the three acceleration pulses combining two magnitudes for acceleration (1.5 and 3.0 m/s2) and jerk (5.6 and 11.3 m/s3), the shortest muscle onset and stepping times for the passengers to recover their balance were observed with the higher jerk value, while the profile with the higher acceleration magnitude and longer duration induced more recovery steps and a higher rate of safety-harness deployment. The tendency for a shorter response time was observed for the female volunteers. For the two braking pulses (1.0 and 2.5 m/s2), only the lower magnitude pulse allowed balance recovery without compensatory stepping. The results obtained provide a reference dataset for human body modelling, the development of virtual test protocols, and operational limits for improving the safety of public transportation vehicles and users. © Copyright © 2021 Krašna, Keller, Linder, Silvano, Xu, Thomson and Klug.
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| 4. |
- Sjörs Dahlman, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Burnout patients' metabolic responses to acute stress
- 2019
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Ingår i: Psychoneuroendocrinology. - : Elsevier. - 0306-4530 .- 1873-3360. ; 107, s. 24-25
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim was to use metabolomics to compare metabolic reactions to acute stress between clinical burnout patients and healthy individuals. Fifteen burnout patients (6 women) and 15 controls (8 women) performed the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Plasma samples taken before and directly after the TSST were analyzed for metabolite content using gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS). Metabolomics data were analyzed using orthogonal partial least squares-effect projections (OPLS-EP).
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| 5. |
- Sjörs Dahlman, Anna, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of a fragrance system to counter sleepiness at the wheel
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Driver fatigue is a major cause of car accidents, and the prevention of fatigue is a major goal in the automotive industry. To reach the goal of zero traffic-accident fatalities, developing innovative solutions to prevent fatigue is a key objective. Solutions for fatigue countermeasures during driving have not yet reached a satisfactory level for effectiveness and safety. The most effective ones, such as taking a break and napping, are highly intrusive in the sense that they require you to stop the vehicle or shift drivers. In the current study, the possibility of using odors to counter driver fatigue has been explored. In this proof-of-concept study, the aim was to investigate if a fragrance system incorporating trigeminal components can have an alerting effect on sleepy drivers. The goal of the project was to provide enough evidence to determine whether the alerting fragrance is effective enough to justify further development and integration of the product into vehicles. The fragrance was tested on 21 healthy but sleep-deprived individuals while they performed a driving task in a simulator. We investigated whether the fragrance system had a measurable effect on subjective sleepiness, objective signs of fatigue and driving performance and attention.
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| 6. |
- Davenne, Damien, et al.
(författare)
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Effectiveness of exercise
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Higher risk of accident is related to nocturnal activity when circadian clocks and sleep pressure increase sleepiness and decrease neurobehavioral performances. Performances assessed by simple reaction times remain stable for about 16 hr of wakefulness, and decrease thereafter to reach a dramatic impairment about 2-4 hr after the peak of melatonin. At that time the drowsiness that occurs has been identified as the reason behind fatal many individual and industrial accidents. Nocturnal neurobehavioral performance varies as a function of age. They are also widely dependant of individuals and only certain subjects seem significantly affected by sleep loss.Studies have demonstrated the efficiency of some countermeasures such as sleeping (or napping) and the use of alertness-increasing agents (i.e. caffeine) on driving. If alertness is improved immediately following exercise, during the day, this potential countermeasure has never been study during the night. Furthermore, Matsumoto et al. suggested that exercise during an extended period of wakefulness results in an increased risk in human error. The effect of physical exercise on cognitive and motor performance depends both on the intensity and the duration of the exercise. It is a physical exercise of moderate intensity and duration which appears to ameliorate brain function. Consequently, moderate physical exercise may minimize the declines of driving performances due to sleep deprivation. Furthermore, these effects may be dependent of the age of the participants.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Kecklund, Göran, et al.
(författare)
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Sleepiness and the risk of car crash : a case control study
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Driver sleepiness is believed to be a strong contributing factor to road traffic crashes. Acute sleepiness risk factors, such as driving during early morning hours or having insufficient sleep, was observed in 15% to 25% of the car crash injuries in New Zealand. Most studies are observational and describe the information about the crashes, whereas controlled studies are rare. One exception is the study by Connor et al. (2002), which used a case-control design and compared 571 car drivers involved in crashes (in which at least one driver was admitted to hospital or killed - "cases") with 588 representative drivers (controls) recruited while driving on public roads. The results showed a strong association between indicators of acute sleepiness and the risk of an injury crash, whereas measures of chronic sleepiness showed no association with injury risk. The aim of the present study was to carry out a similar study in Sweden and examine the relationship between acute and chronic sleepiness characteristics, including disturbed sleep and other factors that may contribute to driver sleepiness, with the risk of crashes in which the driver was admitted to hospital.
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| 9. |
- Taillard, Jacques, et al.
(författare)
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Effectiveness of blue light
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- At night, driving ability is impaired by sleepiness induced by sleep deprivation. To meet societal demand, it is necessary to develop countermeasures to fight this drowsiness. Currently, caffeine and naps are effective countermeasures but they have some limitations (differences between individuals in terms of efficiency, limited efficiency duration, side effects). The development and evaluation of new and easily usable countermeasures is wished for the prevention of accidents related to sleepiness. A light wavelength of 480 nm (light blue) improves performance and increases the night time arousal. This countermeasure will be tested under real driving conditions. Since there are differences between individuals in the driving ability degradation induced by sleep deprivation and in the countermeasures efficiency duration, this study will also attempt to determine whether some gene polymorphisms (e.g. PER3, COMT, ADORA2A and ADA polymorphism) or some hormone concentrations (e.g. cortisol and amylase concentrations) involved in regulating the sleep / wake cycle can explain the differences between individuals. Basal cognitive performance of subjects could also explain these inter individual differences. Age is an important factor to consider because half of fatal and nonfatal accidents involving young people occur at night and nocturnal performance were considerably more impaired in young than in older subjects.
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