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| 2. |
- Grönkvist, Mikael J, et al.
(författare)
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Contributions of lower limb and abdominal compression to ventilation inhomogeneity in hypergravity
- 2005
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Ingår i: Respir Physiol Neurobiol. - : Elsevier BV. - 1569-9048 .- 1878-1519. ; 148:1-2, s. 113-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gravito-inertial load in the head-to-foot direction (Gz) and compression of the lower body half by an anti-G suit (AGS) are both known to influence ventilation distribution in the lungs. To study the interaction of Gz and AGS and to asses the separate contributions from lower limbs and abdominal compressions to large and small-scale ventilation inhomogeneities nine males performed SF6/He vital capacity (VC) single-breath washouts at 1, 2, and 3 Gz in a centrifuge, with abdominal and/or lower limbs compressions. SF6/He and (SF6-He) phase III slopes were used for determination of overall and small-scale ventilation inhomogeneity. Closing volume and phase IV height were used as measures of large-scale inhomogeneity. VC decreased marginally with G-load but markedly with lower limbs compression. Small-scale ventilation inhomogeneity increased slightly with G-load, but substantially with AGS pressurization. Small-scale ventilation inhomogeneity increased with AGS pressurization. Large-scale inhomogeneity increased markedly with G-load. Translocation of blood to the lungs might be the key determinant for changes in small-scale ventilation inhomogeneity when pressurizing an AGS.
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| 3. |
- Ånell, Rickard, 1971-
(författare)
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Decompression strain during long-duration, high-altitude exposures : Effects of intermittent excursions to moderate altitude and inspired fractions of oxygen
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Today´s tactical demands and new technical solutions in fighter aircraft entail longer exposure periods at higher altitudes than before. A low cabin pressure protects pilots from pulmonary barotrauma in case of a sudden loss of cabin pressure, however it can also generate a supersaturation of nitrogen (N2) in the tissues, increasing the risks of bubble formation and decompression sickness (DCS). To be able to perform long-duration missions at high altitude, in-air refuelling is required, often performed at lower cabin altitudes between 15000-20000 ft. Therefore, the aim of the thesis was to explore different mechanisms that could affect decompressive strain during long and intermittent high altitude-exposures. In our experiments, upon which this thesis is based, we examined how ambient pressure and different breathing gas-mixtures affected the N2 washout and presence of venous gas emboli (VGE) as markers of decompressive strain, in particular during long-duration exposures. The thesis is based on four different studies and a short communication. The first two studies measured N2-washout during normoxic exposures. In studies I- IV, VGE were measured during normoxic or hyperoxic conditions with different ambient pressures. The results show that a high enough pressure increase compressed the existing bubbles and decreased the number of VGE before returning to high altitude. Hyperoxia alone did not protect subjects from VGE formation and DCS, whereas a combination of an early recompression during high-altitude exposures while breathing 100% O2 decreased VGE, probably by changing the bubble content from N2 to O2, making the bubbles unstable, probably reducing the risk for DCS returning to high altitude.
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| 4. |
- Andersson, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Oxygen saturation and cognitive performance.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Psychopharmacology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0033-3158 .- 1432-2072. ; 162:2, s. 119-128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of the experiments was to investigate how inhalation of 100% oxygen affected cognitive performance. A test battery was developed that was designed to capture different aspects of cognitive processes, i.e., perception, attention, working memory, long-term memory and prospective memory. All tests were verbally based, thus reducing cognitive spatial processes to a minimum. In experiment 1, 48 participants volunteered in a complete factorial within-participant design. Two different conditions for type of gas were used, inhalation of 100% oxygen and inhalation of breathing air (approximately 21% oxygen balanced with nitrogen). The inhalation was performed during the 1 min prior to starting each separate test. The instructions for each test were given during the inhalation period. All participants inhaled oxygen or breathing air through a Swedish military pilot mask. Physiological (heartbeats per minute and blood oxygen saturation level) reactions were recorded continuously throughout the session. Participants also completed a mood-state questionnaire before and after the test battery. The results revealed that cognitive performance were not affected by inhalation. Hence, this experiment does not replicate previous findings that suggest that inhalation of 100% oxygen could increase cognitive performance. Another experiment was performed to control for methodological issues. Experiment 2 revealed exactly the same pattern, i.e., inhalation of oxygen did not affect cognitive functioning.
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| 5. |
- Ciuha, U, et al.
(författare)
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Strategies for increasing evaporative cooling during simulated desert patrol mission.
- 2016
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Ingår i: Ergonomics. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0014-0139 .- 1366-5847. ; 59:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study evaluated the efficiency of two heat dissipation strategies under simulated desert patrol missions. Ten men participated in four trials, during which they walked on a treadmill (45°C, 20% relative humidity), carrying a load of 35 kg; two 50-min walks were separated by a 20-min rest. Cooling strategies, provided by an ambient air-ventilated vest (active cooling condition, AC), or water spraying of the skin during the rest (passive cooling condition, PC), in addition to reduced clothing and open zippers, were compared to conditions with full protective (FP) clothing and naked condition (NC). Skin temperature was higher during NC (37.9 ± 0.4°C; p < 0.001), and rectal temperature and heart rate were higher during FP (38.6 ± 0.4°C, p < 0.001 and 145 ± 12, p < 0.001, respectively), compared to other conditions. Four subjects terminated the trial prematurely due to signs of heat exhaustion in FP. Both cooling strategies substantially improved evaporative cooling.
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| 8. |
- Eiken, Ola, et al.
(författare)
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G protection : interaction of straining maneuvers and positive pressure breathing
- 2007
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Ingår i: Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine. - 0095-6562 .- 1943-4448. ; 78:4, s. 392-398
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- INTRODUCTION: G protection in the 39 Gripen aircraft is provided by a full coverage anti-G suit, a pressure-breathing system, and anti-G straining maneuvers (AGSM). The purpose was to study (1) the interaction of pressure breathing and AGSM while wearing an anti-G suit; and (2) the G-protective properties of the anti-G suit alone and in combination with the pressure-breathing system. METHODS: During rapid onset rate G-time profiles (< or =9 G), 10 subjects were investigated in 5 conditions: (I) sitting relaxed, without any G-protective garment; (II) sitting relaxed and wearing an anti-G suit; (III) sitting relaxed, wearing an anti-G suit, and pressure breathing; IV) wearing an anti-G suit and performing AGSM; and V) wearing an anti-G suit, pressure breathing, and performing AGSM. In supplementary experiments (n=9), the share of the anti-G suit protection afforded by the abdominal bladder was investigated. RESULTS: G tolerance was 3.4 Gz (range: 2.8-4.3) in condition I, > or = 6.5 Gz (4.5-9.0) in II, > or = 8.0 Gz (6.5-9.0) in III, > or = 8.9 Gz (8.5-9.0) in IV and > or = 9.0 Gz (8.5-9.0) in V. In the supplementary experiments, the anti-G suit afforded a 2.8-G protection, a third of which was contributed by the abdominal bladder. In the relaxed state, pressure applied to the airways was transmitted undistorted to the intrathoracic space. During AGSM, intrathoracic pressure rose to 10-14 kPa, regardless of whether AGSM was performed with or without pressure breathing. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The anti-G suit and the pressure breathing system provide G protection of > or = 4.6 G, of which the anti-G suit contributes about 3.0 G. The C-protective properties of the anti-G suit and those of pressure breathing appears to be additive, whereas the G protection afforded by pressure breathing does not add to that provided by AGSM.
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| 9. |
- Eiken, Ola, et al.
(författare)
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G-protection mechanisms afforded by the anti-G suit abdominal bladder with and without pressure breathing.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine. - 0095-6562 .- 1943-4448. ; 82:10, s. 972-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: G protection afforded by the abdominal bladder of a pneumatic anti-G suit is usually attributed to counteraction of G-induced caudad displacement of the heart and pooling of blood in the abdominal veins. The study examined whether the abdominal bladder might provide G protection also via other mechanisms. METHODS: Each subject was exposed to +Gz loads while sitting relaxed, wearing a full-coverage anti-G suit modified to permit separate pressurization of the abdominal and leg bladders. In two experimental series (N = 8, N = 14), subjects were breathing at positive airway pressure (PPB); in a third series, five subjects were breathing at atmospheric airway pressure. Intrathoracic pressures were estimated by use of esophageal catheters. RESULTS: During PPB at high G loads, intrathoracic pressure was higher with than without the pressurized abdominal bladder. In 7 of the 14 subjects, basilar intrathoracic pressure exceeded airway pressure during PPB when the abdominal bladder was pressurized. The mean arterial pressure response at high G loads was higher in this subset of subjects (55 +/- 23 mmHg) than in the subjects in whom airway pressure exceeded intrathoracic pressure (41 +/- 27 mmHg). Without PPB at increased G load, the intrathoracic pressure gradient was higher with than without the pressurized abdominal bladder. DISCUSSION: During PPB, the abdominal bladder acts as an airway counterpressure, thereby facilitating pressure transmission from the airways to the thorax and hence improving G protection. It also appears that in several individuals, pressure may be transmitted from the abdominal bladder to the thorax and heart.
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