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The Impact of Weather on the Behavior and Ecology of Birds
- 2021. - 1
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- Weather conditions affect animals in many different ways. Variation in temperature, rainfall, wind, and other environmental variables can have an impact at a range of temporal and spatial scales and at every level from individual behavior to species distributions. The interactions between these variables may be particularly important but are often overlooked. Hence, understanding how animals respond to weather conditions is a fundamental topic in evolution, ecology, and conservation, especially in a time of major environmental change.Birds are an ideal group in which to investigate these relationships because they occur in almost every ecosystem across the globe, exploit a wide variety of food resources and often move between vastly different environments during their annual life cycle. Most recent research has focused on the impact of climate change and extreme weather events, but even small-scale variation in weather conditions may influence avian behavior, life history, physiology, and morphology. Assessing how birds respond to variation in weather, and the fitness consequences this brings, therefore plays a crucial role in a number of active research areas, including:(1) identifying the selective pressures that may have led to trait evolution;(2) predicting how birds will respond to environmental change; and(3) developing successful conservation measures for threatened species.This timely Research Topic builds on the symposium The Effects of Weather on Birds held at the 2019 European Ornithologists’ Union Congress at Cluj-Napoca, Romania. It will bring together articles from a range of disciplines to offer valuable and synthesized insights into the relationship between weather and birds. In doing so, it will link together broader themes such as adaptation, phenotypic plasticity, life history evolution, population dynamics, and migration, while also increasing our knowledge on the potential impacts of climate change.We welcome contributions on any aspect of the weather and how it affects the behavior or ecology of birds. Articles may be original research papers, comparative analyses, reviews or perspectives.
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New natures : joining environmental history with science and technology studies
- 2013
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- New Natures broadens the dialogue between the disciplines of science and technology studies (STS) and environmental history in hopes of deepening and even transforming understandings of human-nature interactions. The volume presents historical studies that engage with key STS theories, offering models for how these theories can help crystallize central lessons from empirical histories, facilitate comparative analysis, and provide a language for complicated historical phenomena. Overall, the collection exemplifies the fruitfulness of cross-disciplinary thinking.
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Soundwalking : Through Time, Space, and Technologies
- 2023. - 1
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soundwalking brings together a diverse group of contemporary scholars, artists and thinkers in one of the first comprehensive studies of soundwalking – the practice of moving through space while carefully listening to what it has to say – to address urgent challenges and concerns of an environmental, ethical, social and technological nature.Besides gaining insight into the historical development of soundwalking as a scholarly method and artistic genre, the reader will have a chance to learn from emerging voices concerned with this practice, of many different backgrounds and positionalities. Soundwalking demonstrates how attentive listening and walking might help with more careful and responsible navigation through the complex dimensions of our shared environments and entangled histories, often imperceptible on a day-to-day basis. The book encourages scholars, artists, and also those unfamiliar with the concept, to engage with it in their respective fields and subjects of interest as an interdisciplinary method of critical inquiry and a creative mode of communication.This book inspires readers to discover anew the potential of walking and listening, and will be of interest to students, researchers and practitioners in the areas of studies directly concerned with sound and beyond, including environmental humanities, arts, design, landscape architecture, media, and cultural studies.
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Reindeer husbandry under global change in the tundra region of Northern Fennoscandia
- 2017
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Nordic Centre of Excellence (NCoE) TUNDRA ("How to preserve the tundra in a changing climate") has been a 5-year project (2011–15) within the Top-Level Research Initiative (TRI) by NordForsk. This report combines the key results and a synthesis of the NCoE TUNDRA with earlier research to provide a comprehen- sive picture of the interplay between the tundra ecosystem, climate change and reindeer husbandry to relevant stakeholders. Most recent climate projections suggest that by the 2070s, temperature conditions that are warm enough for tree growth (> 10 °C average temperature during summer months) will cover almost all of northern Fennoscandia, excluding only the highest-altitude areas of the Scandinavian mountains. A warming climate will promote growth of shrubs and trees, a process that decreases the area of the tundra biome remarkably. The projected increase in spring temperatures will enhance snow melting. Together with the expansion and densification of shrub vegetation, this can significantly decrease surface reflectance (al- bedo), and have an amplifying feedback on global climate warming. Therefore, hindering shrub expansion and preserving the circumpolar high albedo tundra biome would serve as climate change mitigation. Herbivores (animals feeding on plants) have a strong impact on vegetation communities. The most important herbivores in Northern Fennoscandia include large mammals (reindeer), small mammals (rodents), and insects (geometrid moths). Their exact effect, however, varies between the animal groups and their population dynamics, seasons, weather conditions, and vegetation communities, and is dependent also on the combined impact of these animal groups. Reindeer grazing in particular has the potential to counter-impact the climate-induced shrubification. The maximum grazing impact on woody plants is obtained if reindeer are present in a region during early growing season in June and early July. In addition, grazing has an impact on plant biodiversity. By preventing the invasion of trees, tall shrubs and forbs, reindeer maintain the openness of the tundra, which is a precondition for the survival of many small-sized arctic plant species. Although grazing may disturb also these plant species, the net impact of intense summer grazing can be positive at the population level. From a transdisciplinary perspective, tundra is not only a biome, but also a social-ecological system (SES) incorporating humans and their activities, including reindeer husbandry. Decision-making involves various aspects of this complex social-ecological system and is, therefore, always a compromise and a matter of values and opinions. Reindeer husbandry exhibits major legal and administrative differences in local, regional, and state governance between Finland, Norway and Sweden. Anticipated changes in climate and within the societies require reindeer husbandry to adapt to these transformations. Future is notpre-determined but unveils itself as a chain of decisions and actions. Therefore, various scenarios of the future of the social-ecological system in Northern Fennoscandia – including reindeer husbandry – can be foresighted depending on the circumstances, decisions and actions. Current tensions between stakeholders – including reindeer herders, other land users, Sámi and non-Sámi individuals, and the governance system – stem from different values regarding ecological, cultural, social, and economic matters. These tensions may inhibit fruitful discussion and feasible decisions, and may lead to a future that is undesirable for many, if not all parties. At present, there is too little interaction, and inadequate, unequal discussion between the stakeholders. From the herders' perspective, unclear legislation and lack of self-determination are considered as threats for the livelihood. To improve the quality of decision making, planning and actions regarding future land use and livelihoods should be co-designed by different stakeholders. To overcome the historical apprehension between the parties, a neutral boundary organisation might serve as an appreciated mediator.
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