| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
- Bergsten, Carl Johan, 1953, et al.
(författare)
-
The Field Study Organs
- 2011
-
Ingår i: The Collapse Project: corrosion of organ pipes - causes and recommendations. - Brusels : European Union. - 9789279170799 ; , s. 24-55
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 4. |
- Öberg, Tomas, 1956-
(författare)
-
Replacement of PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) and HCB (hexachlorobenzene) : the Swedish experience
- 1996
-
Ingår i: Alternatives to persistent organic pollutants. - Solna : Kemikalieinspektionen. - 9923050106
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The total import to Sweden of PCB between 1957-1980 has been estimated to 8,000-10,000 metric tonnes. A substantial part of the import, probably more than 50% was re-exported in goods. The use of PCB in Sweden has been restricted since 1972, and in 1978 it was decided that no new permits to use PCB in new products should be issued. Remaining part in the power sector of the industry has also been removed. Transformers or capacitors containing PCB and with a higher rating than two kilovoltamperes (reactive) may not be used after the 31st of December 1994. PCB containing transformers were never manufactured in Sweden. The problem with PCB filled transformers and contaminated transformer oils has therefore been less severe, compared to many other industrialized countries. The main chemical alternative to PCB in transformers is mineral oil with different additives. PCB was used in the manufacture of capacitors in Sweden before 1978. The use for this purpose accounted for about 80% of the import of PCB. Chemical alternatives for PCB as capacitor fluid include a multitude of chemical compounds. The capacitor fluid most frequently used today in Sweden is a mixture of methyl(phenylmethyl)benzene and methylbis(phenylmethyl)benzene. PCB was used in different building materials as a plasticiser. Chemical alternatives include chlorinated paraffins and phthalates. Chlorinated paraffins are however replaced due to environ-mental concerns, and it has also been decided to phase out the phthalates. Substantial amounts of PCB, an estimated 190-650 metric tonnes, still remain in buildings. It is obvious that measures to deal with these problems may cost many times more than the replacement already accomplished. Destruction capability and capacity are keys to a successful and final solution to the PCB problem. The destruction cost is also the major cost factor in the replacement. 17,667 metric tonnes of PCB containing waste was received by SAKAB, the Swedish hazardous waste treatment plant, between 1987-1995. This gives an idea of how much PCB wastes that have to be handled. Minor amounts of HCB (hexachlorobenzene) has been used in some parts of the Swedish industry. HCB has not been manufactured in Sweden and previous use has been replaced. Estimates of the international production are contradictory. It therefore seems premature to neglect HCB as an organic micro-pollutant of environmental concern.
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
- Fiedler, Heidelore, 1953-
(författare)
-
Global and local disposition of PCBs
- 2001
-
Ingår i: PCBs. - Lexington, Ky. : University Press of Kentucky. - 9780813122267 ; , s. 11-15
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 7. |
- Orrego Hernandez, Jessica, 1987, et al.
(författare)
-
Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane (NBD/QC) and conversion of solar energy
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Molecular Photoswitches: Chemistry, Properties, and Applications, 2 Volume Set. - 9783527827619 ; , s. 351-378
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter presents the norbornadiene (NBD) molecule as a photoswitch. This bicyclic molecule is photoconverted to a high-energy metastable isomer quadricyclane (QC) via light-induced [2+2] cycloaddition reaction. NBD is widely used as a molecular photoswitch due to its easily tunable isomerization properties (e.g. isomerization quantum yield, onset of absorption, half-life of the quadricyclane, and energy-storage density) by the functionalization with different chromophoric substituents. The molecular solar thermal-energy-storage system (MOST) application and its design of heat-release devices based on the NBD/QC system have been strongly evolving in the last years. However, also several new applications start to develop, making this photoswitch a versatile compound.
|
|
| 8. |
- Chen, Weimin
(författare)
-
Optically detected magnetic resonance of defects in semiconductors
- 2013. - 2
-
Ingår i: EPR of Free Radicals in Solids II. - Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands. - 9789400748866 - 9789400748873 ; , s. 345-366
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- EPR of Free Radicals in Solids: Trends in Methods and Applications, 2nd ed. presents a critical two volume review of the methods and applications of EPR (ESR) for the study of free radical processes in solids. Emphasis is on the progress made in the developments in EPR technology, in the application of sophisticated matrix isolation techniques and in the advancement in quantitative EPR that have occurred since the 1st edition was published. Improvements have been made also at theoretical level, with the development of methods based on first principles and their application to the calculation of magnetic properties as well as in spectral simulations. EPR of Free Radicals in Solids II focuses on the trends in applications of experimental and theoretical methods to extract structural and dynamical properties of radicals and spin probes in solid matrices by continuous wave (CW) and pulsed techniques in nine chapters written by experts in the field. It examines the studies involving radiation- and photo-induced inorganic and organic radicals in inert matrices, the high-spin molecules and metal-based molecular clusters as well as the radical pro-cesses in photosynthesis. Recent advancements in environmental applications in-cluding measurements by myon resonance of radicals on surfaces and by quantitative EPR in dosimetry are outlined and the applications of optical detection in material research with much increased sensitivity reviewed. The potential use of EPR in quantum computing is considered in a newly written chapter. This new edition is aimed to experimentalists and theoreticians in research involving free radicals, as well as for students of advanced courses in physical chemis-try, chemical physics, materials science, biophysics, biochemistry and related fields.
|
|
| 9. |
- Taube, Fabian, 1967
(författare)
-
Assessment of mercury speciation in contaminated soils prior to remediation
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Solid Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. - Hauppauge NY, USA : Nova Science Publishers. - 9781607417613
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In a recent study, the type and amount of mercury species present in a soil from a former industrial area of a chlor-alkali plant were investigated, with the purpose of studying chemical effects from thermal treatment of the soil at different temperatures. The findings presented in the study shows the need for accurate assessment of the speciation of mercury in the soil, before considering remediation. From this particular study it can be questioned what particular type of remediation method that should be used in soils low on soil organic matter , but more importantly, it can be questioned whether there is an actual need for remediation of the soil or not. The conclusion to be drawn from the study was that in soils low on soil organic matter, the formation of inorganic salts might play a major role for the mercury speciation, and probably also for the bioaccumulation of mercury in nearby lakes and river sediments. In soils with no or little natural organic matter, it therefore seems reasonable to assume that the bioaccessibility and bioaccumulation of mercury will be very limited. The study opens up the question whether soil remediation is reasonable, from an environmental and an economical perspective, in this particular case, and in similar cases, where mercury is tightly bound as mercury salts.
|
|
| 10. |
- Ismail, Norafiqah, et al.
(författare)
-
Sustainability in membrane production
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Polymeric membrane formation by phase inversion. - : Elsevier. - 9780323956284 - 9780323956291 ; , s. 421-433
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Polymeric membranes are widely recognized for their high efficiency and minimal environmental impact in advanced separation technologies. However, membrane production processes' sustainability and environmental friendliness still pose significant challenges. During the membrane manufacturing process, the use of nonbiodegradable petroleum-based polymers and hazardous solvents is prevalent. These materials not only contribute to the energy crisis but also create disposal challenges at the end of their lifespan, posing risks to both workers and the environment. To address these concerns, it is imperative to replace traditional materials with biobased polymers and green solvents in membrane preparation. Additionally, the wastewater generated during membrane fabrication contains significant amounts of organic solvents, necessitating effective treatment or recycling prior to discharge. Furthermore, instead of end-of-life membrane being discarded in landfills, a large quantity of spent membrane elements should be repurposed and recovered. This chapter provides valuable insight aimed at improving the sustainability of membrane technology, specifically highlighting progress made in the aforementioned areas. By analyzing the requirements for transforming the membrane industry, the chapter underscores the importance of embracing circular economy principles.
|
|
