| 1. |
- Nilsson, R. Henrik, 1976, et al.
(författare)
-
Mycobiome diversity: high-throughput sequencing and identification of fungi.
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Nature reviews. Microbiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1740-1534 .- 1740-1526. ; 17, s. 95-109
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fungi are major ecological players in both terrestrial and aquatic environments by cycling organic matter and channelling nutrients across trophic levels. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) studies of fungal communities are redrawing the map of the fungal kingdom by hinting at its enormous - and largely uncharted - taxonomic and functional diversity. However, HTS approaches come with a range of pitfalls and potential biases, cautioning against unwary application and interpretation of HTS technologies and results. In this Review, we provide an overview and practical recommendations for aspects of HTS studies ranging from sampling and laboratory practices to data processing and analysis. We also discuss upcoming trends and techniques in the field and summarize recent and noteworthy results from HTS studies targeting fungal communities and guilds. Our Review highlights the need for reproducibility and public data availability in the study of fungal communities. If the associated challenges and conceptual barriers are overcome, HTS offers immense possibilities in mycology and elsewhere.
|
|
| 2. |
- Sonesten, Lars
(författare)
-
Miljöövervakningen av Sveriges sjöar och vattendrag : Representativiteten av den kontrollerande miljöövervakningen
- 2013
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Samtliga ytvattenkategorier inom ett vattendistrikt ska omfattas av övervakningsprogram inklusive övervakningsnät för kontrollerande övervakning som upprättas enligt kap. 7 VFF. En översyn av hur representativt Sveriges kontrollerade övervakningsnät är har tidigare inte kunnat utföras på grund av omfattande kvalitetsbrister i länsstyrelserna och vattenmyndigheternas datasystem VISS (VattenInformationsSystem Sverige). Kvaliteten på informationen i VISS har under senare år genomgått en omfattande kvalitetssäkring, vilket har gett förutsättningarna för att nu kunna genomföra den sammanställning och översyn över den svenska miljöövervakningen av sjöar och vattendrag. Denna översyn har varit starkt önskad under flera år, då det finns ett stort behov av att se över och analysera hur ett representativt samordnat kontrollerande övervakningsprogram skulle kunna se ut. Översynen sker mot bakgrund av den samlade vatten övervakning som bedrivs i Sverige, bland annat för att optimera befintlig övervakning och att kunna förstärka den där brister har identifierats. Arbetet är också viktigt för att säkerställa att kommande rapporteringar såväl internationellt som nationellt blir så bra som möjligt.Uppdraget för projektet Representativ kontrollerande miljöövervakning (RepKöp) syftar till att ta fram ett förslag på hur ett representativt kontrollerande övervakningsprogram med avseende på (vattentyper), kvalitetsfaktorer och statusklasser bör se ut på nationell och distriktsnivå i Sverige. Förslaget tas fram mot bakgrund av den samlade vattenövervakningen som bedrivs i Sverige idag och mot bakgrund av vad behövs för att uppfylla vattendirektivets krav på kontrollerande övervakning av vattenförekomster.Resultaten från översynen är tänkta att dels fungera som underlag för att underlätta Havs och vattenmyndighetens och Vattenmyndigheternas arbete inför rapporteringen 2012, men framför allt ska projektet ge underlag för att ta fram optimerade övervakningsprogram för sjöar och vattendrag till en långsiktig plan med en första anhalt 2016. För att RepKÖP ska få praktisk betydelse i övervakningsSverige skall projektet resultera i ett underlag för framtida revision av befintliga övervakningsprogram för respektive distrikt.Arbetet inom RepKöp är uppdelat i flera delar, vilka tillsammans ska fungera som vägledning till:• Vattenförvaltningens arbete med kontrollerande övervakning• Upplägg av nationell och regional miljöövervakningMålgruppen för arbetet är i första hand:• Vattenmyndigheter• Länsstyrelserna• Naturvårdsverket• Havs och vattenmyndigheten• Datavärdar och utförare av miljöövervakningFöreliggande rapport är en sammanställning och analys av miljöövervakningen av svenska sjöar och vattendrag så som de beskrevs i VISS vid datauttaget för sjöar i oktober 2011 och vattendrag i maj 2012. Sammanställningen av informationen från VISS har initierat en hel del korrigeringar i systemet, men tyvärr har det inte av praktiska skäl varit möjligt att ta hänsyn till dessa i arbetet. Man skall vara medveten om att VISS är en levande databas som ständigt uppdateras och korrigeras, vilket gör att endast en ”ögonblicksbild” kan analyseras. Detta gör att när analysen är färdig har verkligheten med stor sannolikhet redan till viss del hunnit förändrats.
|
|
| 3. |
- Blennow, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
-
Societal impacts of storm damage
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Living with Storm Damage to Forests. What science can tell us. - 9789525980097 ; :3, s. 70-77
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
- Vestin, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
-
Impacts of stump harvesting on carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide fluxes
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Iforest-Biogeosciences and Forestry. - : Italian Society of Sivilculture and Forest Ecology (SISEF). - 1971-7458. ; 15, s. 148-162
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During 2010-2013, we investigated the effects of stump harvesting on greenide (N2O) with the flux-gradient technique at four experimental plots in a hemiboreal forest in Sweden. All plots were clear-cut and soil scarified and two of the plots were additionally stump harvested. The two clear-cut plots served as control plots. Due to differences in topography, we had one wetter and one drier plot of each treatment. All plots exhibited substantial emissions of GHGs and we noted significant effects of wetness on CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes within treatments and significant effects of stump harvesting on CO2 and N2O fluxes at the dry plots. The CO2 emissions were lower at the dry stump harvested plot than at the dry control, but when estimated emissions from the removed stumps were added, total CO2 emissions were higher at the stump harvested plot, indicating a small enhancement of soil respiration. In addition, we noted significant emissions of N2O at this plot. At the wet plots, CO2 emissions were higher at the stump harvested plot, also suggesting a treatment effect but differences in wetness and vegetation cover at these plots make this effect more uncertain. At the wet plots, we noted sustained periods (weeks to months) of net N2O uptake. During the year with simultaneous measurements of the abovementioned GHGs, GHG budgets were 1.224??103 and 1.442??103 gm-2 of CO2-equivalents at the wet and dry stump harvested plots, respectively, and 1.070??103 and 1.696??103 gm-2 of CO2-equivalents at the wet and dry control plots, respectively. CO2 fluxes dominated GHG budgets at all plots but N2O contributed with 17% at the dry stump harvested plot. For the full period 2010-2013, total carbon (CO2+CH4) budgets were 4.301??103 and 4.114??103 g m-2 of CO2-eqvivalents at the wet and dry stump harvest plots, respectively and 4.107??103 and 5.274??103 gm-2 of CO2-equivalents at the wet and dry control plots, respectively. Our results support recent studies suggesting that stump harvesting does not result in substantial increase in CO2 emissions but uncertainties regarding GHG fluxes (especially N2O) remain and more long-term measurements are needed before robust conclusions can be drawn.
|
|
| 6. |
- Blennow, Kristina
(författare)
-
Simulating wind disturbance impacts on forest landscapes: Tree-level heterogeneity matters
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Environmental Modelling and Software. - : Elsevier BV. - 1364-8152 .- 1873-6726. ; 51, s. 1-11
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wind is the most detrimental disturbance agent in Europe's forest ecosystems. In recent years, disturbance frequency and severity have been increasing at continental scale, a trend that is expected to continue under future anthropogenic climate change. Disturbance management is thus increasingly important for sustainable stewardship of forests, and requires tools to evaluate the effects of management alternatives and climatic changes on disturbance risk and ecosystem services. We here present a process-based model of wind disturbance impacts on forest ecosystems, integrated into the dynamic landscape simulation model iLand. The model operates at the level of individual trees and simulates wind disturbance events iteratively, i.e., dynamically accounting for changes in forest structure and newly created edges during the course of a storm. Both upwind gap size and local shelter from neighboring trees are considered in this regard, and critical wind speeds for uprooting and stem breakage are distinguished. The simulated disturbance size, pattern, and severity are thus emergent properties of the model. We evaluated the new simulation tool against satellite-derived data on the impact of the storm Gudrun (January 2005) on a 1391 ha forest landscape in south central Sweden. Both the overall damage percentage (observation: 21.7%, simulation: 21.4%) as well as the comparison of spatial damage patterns showed good correspondence between observations and predictions (prediction accuracy: 60.4%) if the full satellite-derived structural and spatial heterogeneity of the landscape was taken into account. Neglecting within-stand heterogeneity in forest conditions, i.e., the state-of-the-art in many stand-level risk models, resulted in a considerable underestimation of simulated damage, supporting the notion that tree-level complexity matters for assessing and modeling large-scale disturbances. A sensitivity analysis further showed that changes in wind speed and soil freezing could have potentially large impacts on disturbed area and patch size. The model presented here is available as open source. It can be used to study the effects of different silvicultural systems and future climates on wind risk, as well as to quantify the impacts of wind disturbance on ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration. It thus contributes to improving our capacity to address changing disturbance regimes in ecosystem management. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
- Oni, Stephen, et al.
(författare)
-
Local- and landscape-scale impacts of clear-cuts and climate change on surface water dissolved organic carbon in boreal forests
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences. - 2169-8953 .- 2169-8961. ; 120:11, s. 2402-2426
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Forest harvesting and climate change may significantly increase concentrations and fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in boreal surface waters. However, the likely magnitude of any effect will vary depending on the landscape-element type and spatial scale. We used a chain of hydrological, empirical, and process-based biogeochemical models coupled to an ensemble of downscaled Regional Climate Model experiments to develop scenario storylines for local- and landscape-scale effects of forest harvesting and climate change on surface water DOC concentrations and fluxes. Local-scale runoff, soil temperature, and DOC dynamics were simulated for a range of forest and wetland landscape-element types and at the larger landscape scale. The results indicated that climate change will likely lead to greater winter flows and earlier, smaller spring peaks. Both forest harvesting and climate change scenarios resulted in large increases in summer and autumn runoff and higher DOC fluxes. Forest harvesting effects were clearly apparent at local scales. While at the landscape scale, approximately 1 mg L−1 (or 10%) of the DOC in surface waters can be attributed to clear-cuts, both climate change and intensified forestry can each increase DOC concentrations by another 1 mg L−1 in the future, which is less than that seen in many waterbodies recovering from acidification. These effects of forestry and climate change on surface water DOC concentrations are additive at a landscape scale but not at the local scale, where a range of landscape-element specific responses were observed.
|
|
| 9. |
- Abbott, Benjamin W., et al.
(författare)
-
Biomass offsets little or none of permafrost carbon release from soils, streams, and wildfire : an expert assessment
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Environmental Research Letters. - : IOP Publishing. - 1748-9326. ; 11:3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As the permafrost region warms, its large organic carbon pool will be increasingly vulnerable to decomposition, combustion, and hydrologic export. Models predict that some portion of this release will be offset by increased production of Arctic and boreal biomass; however, the lack of robust estimates of net carbon balance increases the risk of further overshooting international emissions targets. Precise empirical or model-based assessments of the critical factors driving carbon balance are unlikely in the near future, so to address this gap, we present estimates from 98 permafrost-region experts of the response of biomass, wildfire, and hydrologic carbon flux to climate change. Results suggest that contrary to model projections, total permafrost-region biomass could decrease due to water stress and disturbance, factors that are not adequately incorporated in current models. Assessments indicate that end-of-the-century organic carbon release from Arctic rivers and collapsing coastlines could increase by 75% while carbon loss via burning could increase four-fold. Experts identified water balance, shifts in vegetation community, and permafrost degradation as the key sources of uncertainty in predicting future system response. In combination with previous findings, results suggest the permafrost region will become a carbon source to the atmosphere by 2100 regardless of warming scenario but that 65%-85% of permafrost carbon release can still be avoided if human emissions are actively reduced.
|
|
| 10. |
- Englund, Oskar, 1982, et al.
(författare)
-
Large-scale deployment of grass in crop rotations as a multifunctional climate mitigation strategy
- 2023
-
Ingår i: GCB Bioenergy. - : Wiley. - 1757-1707 .- 1757-1693. ; 15:2, s. 166-184
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The agriculture sector can contribute to climate change mitigation by reducing its own greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, sequestering carbon in vegetation and soils, and providing biomass to substitute for fossil fuels and other GHG-intensive products. The sector also needs to address water, soil, and biodiversity impacts caused by historic and current practices. Emerging EU policies create incentives for cultivation of perennial plants that provide biomass along with environmental benefits. One such option, common in northern Europe, is to include grass in rotations with annual crops to provide biomass while remediating soil organic carbon (SOC) losses and other environmental impacts. Here, we apply a spatially explicit model on >81,000 sub-watersheds in EU27 + UK (Europe) to explore the effects of widespread deployment of such systems. Based on current accumulated SOC losses in individual sub-watersheds, the model identifies and quantifies suitable areas for increased grass cultivation and corresponding biomass- and protein supply, SOC sequestration, and reductions in nitrogen emissions to water as well as wind and water erosion. The model also provides information about possible flood mitigation. The results indicate a substantial climate mitigation potential, with combined annual GHG savings from soil-carbon sequestration and displacement of natural gas with biogas from grass-based biorefineries, equivalent to 13%–48% of current GHG emissions from agriculture in Europe. The environmental co-benefits are also notable, in some cases exceeding the estimated mitigation needs. Yield increases for annual crops in modified rotations mitigate the displacement effect of increasing grass cultivation. If the grass is used as feedstock in lieu of annual crops, the displacement effect can even be negative, that is, a reduced need for annual crop production elsewhere. Incentivizing widespread deployment will require supportive policy measures as well as new uses of grass biomass, for example, as feedstock for green biorefineries producing protein concentrate, biofuels, and other bio-based products.
|
|
