| 1. |
- Gerlee, Philip, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Scientific Models : Red Atoms, White Lies and Black Boxes in a Yellow Book
- 2016
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A zebrafish, the hull of a miniature ship, a mathematical equation and a food chain - what do these things have in common? They are examples of models used by scientists to isolate and study particular aspects of the world around us. This book begins by introducing the concept of a scientific model from an intuitive perspective, drawing parallels to mental models and artistic representations. It then recounts the history of modelling from the 16th century up until the present day. The iterative process of model building is described and discussed in the context of complex models with high predictive accuracy versus simpler models that provide more of a conceptual understanding. To illustrate the diversity of opinions within the scientific community, we also present the results of an interview study, in which ten scientists from different disciplines describe their views on modelling and how models feature in their work. Lastly, it includes a number of worked examples that span different modelling approaches and techniques. It provides a comprehensive introduction to scientific models and shows how models are constructed and used in modern science. It also addresses the approach to, and the culture surrounding modelling in different scientific disciplines. It serves as an inspiration for model building and also facilitates interdisciplinary collaborations by showing how models are used in different scientific fields. The book is aimed primarily at students in the sciences and engineering, as well as students at teacher training colleges but will also appeal to interested readers wanting to get an overview of scientific modelling in general and different modelling approaches in particular.
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| 2. |
- Gerlee, Philip, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Scientific Models
- 2016
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A zebrafish, the hull of a miniature ship, a mathematical equation and a food chain - what do these things have in common? They are examples of models used by scientists to isolate and study particular aspects of the world around us. This book begins by introducing the concept of a scientific model from an intuitive perspective, drawing parallels to mental models and artistic representations. It then recounts the history of modelling from the 16th century up until the present day. The iterative process of model building is described and discussed in the context of complex models with high predictive accuracy versus simpler models that provide more of a conceptual understanding. To illustrate the diversity of opinions within the scientific community, we also present the results of an interview study, in which ten scientists from different disciplines describe their views on modelling and how models feature in their work. Lastly, it includes a number of worked examples that span different modelling approaches and techniques. It provides a comprehensive introduction to scientific models and shows how models are constructed and used in modern science. It also addresses the approach to, and the culture surrounding modelling in different scientific disciplines. It serves as an inspiration for model building and also facilitates interdisciplinary collaborations by showing how models are used in different scientific fields. The book is aimed primarily at students in the sciences and engineering, as well as students at teacher training colleges but will also appeal to interested readers wanting to get an overview of scientific modelling in general and different modelling approaches in particular.
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| 3. |
- Erlander, Sven, 1934-
(författare)
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Cost-Minimizing Choice Behavior in Transportation Planning : A Theoretical Framework fo Logit Models
- 2010
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This book stems from a desire to understand the underlying assumptions and structureof the choice probability models most often used in transportation planning. The bookinvestigates how far a new way of defining cost minimizing behavior can take us. Allcommonly used choice probability distributions of the logit type – log linear probabilityfunctions – follow from cost minimizing behavior defined in the new way; some newnested models also appear. The new approach provides a deeper understanding of whatis at work in the models. The new way of defining cost minimizing behavior is as follows:cost minimizing behavior pertains if the likelihood (probability) of any independentsample of observations is a decreasing function of the average cost of the sample.Extreme value distributed random variables are not used in the derivation of models. Ameasure of freedom of choice related to the Shannon measure of how much "choice" isinvolved is used to obtain a welfare measure which is equal to composite cost.... more on http://springer.com/978-3-642-11910-1
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| 4. |
- Fridenfalk, Mikael, 1971-
(författare)
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Cellular Automata in Modular Space : Rigid Systems – Volume I – Number I
- 2015. - 1
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This book series presents a new type of cellular automata for 2D pattern generation, characterized by a high reproduction rate, in combination with the application of a small-sized 2D modular square lattice. The presented patterns are in the spirit of mathematical minimalism, generated from rudimentary kernels and a minimal set of rules. In similarity with fractals, this new concept could provide for the generation of patterns and geometries with applications in areas such as, visual arts, logo design, architecture, and game design.
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| 5. |
- Lingefjärd, Thomas, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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IKT i grundskolans och gymnasieskolans matematikundervisning
- 2012
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den tekniska utvecklingen går mycket fort och påverkar, på många olika sätt, människors sätt att agera och lära sig. Snart sagt alla unga människor har tillgång till datorer och digitala medier på ett sätt som inte gick att förutse ens för tre år sedan. Dessa nya verktyg kommer nu in i skolan på bred front genom de så kallade en-till-en-satsningarna, där varje elev får tillgång till en egen dator. Att ta tillvara teknikens möjligheter är viktigt för alla lärare. Den här boken svarar på denna utmaning.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Mamontov, Eugen, 1955, et al.
(författare)
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High-Dimensional Nonlinear Diffusion Stochastic Pprocesses. Modelling for Engineering Applications
- 2001
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This book is the first one devoted to high-dimensional (or large-scale) diffusion stochastic processes (DSPs) with nonlinear coefficients. These processes are closely associated with nonlinear Ito's stochastic ordinary differential equations (ISODEs) and with the space-discretized versions of nonlinear Ito's stochastic partial integro-differential equations. The latter models include Ito's stochastic partial differential equations (ISPDEs). The book presents the new analytical treatment which can serve as the basis of a combined, analytical-numerical approach to greater computational efficiency in engineering problems. A few examples discussed in the book include: the high-dimensional DSPs described with the ISODE systems for semiconductor circuits; the nonrandom model for stochastic resonance (and other noise-induced phenomena) in high-dimensional DSPs; the modification of the well-known stochastic-adaptive-interpolation method by means of bases of function spaces; ISPDEs as the tool to consistently model non-Markov phenomena; the ISPDE system for semiconductor devices; the corresponding classification of charge transport in macroscale, mesoscale and microscale semiconductor regions based on the wave-diffusion equation; the fully time-domain nonlinear-friction aware analytical model for the velocity covariance of particle of uniform fluid, simple or dispersed; the specific time-domain analytics for the long, non-exponential "tails" of the velocity in case of the hard-sphere fluid. These examples demonstrate not only the capabilities of the developed techniques but also emphasize the usefulness of the complex-system-related approaches to solve some problems which have not been solved with the traditional, statistical-physics methods yet. From this veiwpoint, the book can be regarded as a kind of complement to such books as "Introduction to the Physics of Complex Systems. The Mesoscopic Approach to Fluctuations, Nonlinearity and Self-Organization" by Serra, Andretta, Compiani and Zanarini, "Stochastic Dynamical Systems. Concepts, Numerical Methods, Data Analysis" and "Statistical Physics: An Advanced Approach with Applications" by Honerkamp which deal with physics of complex systems, some of the corresponding analysis methods and an innovative, stochastics-based vision of theoretical physics. To facilitate the reading by nonmathematicians, the introductory chapter outlines the basic notions and results of theory of Markov and diffusion stochastic processes without involving the measure-theoretical approach. This presentation is based on probability densities commonly used in engineering and applied sciences.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Muntean, Adrian, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Homogenization Method and Multiscale Modeling
- 2011
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This mini-course addresses graduate students and young researchers in mathematics and engineering sciences interested in applying both formal and rigorous averaging methods to real-life problems described by means of partial differential equations (PDEs) posed in heterogeneous media. As a background application scenario we choose to look at the interplay between reaction, diffusion and flow in periodic porous materials, but broadly speaking, a similar procedure would apply for, e.g., acoustic and/or electromagnetic wave propagation phenomena in composite (periodic) media as well. We start off with the study of oscillatory elliptic PDEs formulated firstly in fixed and, afterwards, in periodically-perforated domains. We remove the oscillations by means of a (formal) asymptotic homogenization method. The output of this procedure consists of a “guessed” averaged model equations and explicit rules (based on cell problems) for computing the effective coefficients. As second step, we introduce the concept of two-scale convergence (and correspondingly, the two-scale compactness) in the sense of Allaire and Nguetseng and derive rigorously the averaged PDE models and coefficients obtained previously. This step uses the framework of Sobolev and Bochner spaces and relies on basic tools like weak convergence methods, compact embeddings as well as extension theorems in Sobolev spaces. We particularly emphasize the role the choice of microstructures (pores, perforations, subgrids, etc.) plays in performing the overall averaging procedure. Finally, we focus our attention on a two-scale partly dissipative reaction-diffusion system with periodically distributed microstructure modeling chemical attack on concrete structures. We present a two-scale finite difference scheme able to approximate the unique weak solution to the two-scale system and prove its convergence. We illustrate numerically the typical micro-macro behavior of the active concentrations involved in the corrosion process and give details on how a two-scale FD scheme can be implemented in C. The main objective of the course is to endow the audience with a rather flexible mathematical homogenization tool so that he/she can quickly start applying this averaging methodology to other PDEs scenarios describing physico-chemical processes in media with microstructures.
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| 10. |
- Hochstättler, Winfried., et al.
(författare)
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CATBox
- 2010
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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