| 1. |
- Bernhoff, Niclas, 1971-
(författare)
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On Half-Space and Shock-Wave Problems for Discrete Velocity Models of the Boltzmann Equation
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We study some questions related to general discrete velocity (with arbitrarily number of velocities) models (DVMs) of the Boltzmann equation. In the case of plane stationary problems the typical DVM reduces to a dynamical system (system of ODEs). Properties of such systems are studied in the most general case. In particular, a topological classification of their singular points is made and dimensions of the corresponding stable, unstable and center manifolds are computed.These results are applied to typical half-space problems of rarefied gas dynamics, including the problems of Milne and Kramer. A classification of well-posed half-space problems for linearized DVMs is made. Exact solutions of a (simplified) linearized kinetic model of BGK type are found as a limiting case of the corresponding discrete models.Existence of solutions of weakly non-linear half-space problems for general DVMs are studied. The solutions are assumed to tend to an assigned Maxwellian at infinity, and the data for the outgoing particles at the boundary are assigned, possibly depending on the data for the incoming particles. The conditions, on the data at the boundary, needed for the existence of a unique (in a neighborhood of the assigned Maxwellian) solution of the problem are investigated. Both implicit, in the non-degenerate cases, and sometimes, in both degenerate and non-degenerate cases, explicit conditions are found.Shock-waves can be seen as heteroclinic orbits connecting two singular points (Maxwellians) for DVMs. We give a constructive proof for the existence of solutions of the shock-wave problem for the general DVM. This is worked out for shock speeds close to a typical speed, corresponding to the sound speed in the continuous case. We clarify how close the shock speed must be for our theorem to hold, and present an iteration scheme for obtaining the solution.The main results of the paper can be used for DVMs for mixtures as well as for DVMs for one species.
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| 2. |
- Bernhoff, Niclas, 1971-
(författare)
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Discrete Velocity Models for Polyatomic Molecules Without Nonphysical Collision Invariants
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of statistical physics. - New York : Springer. - 0022-4715 .- 1572-9613. ; 172:3, s. 742-761
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An important aspect of constructing discrete velocity models (DVMs) for the Boltzmann equation is to obtain the right number of collision invariants. Unlike for the Boltzmann equation, for DVMs there can appear extra collision invariants, so called spurious collision invariants, in plus to the physical ones. A DVM with only physical collision invariants, and hence, without spurious ones, is called normal. The construction of such normal DVMs has been studied a lot in the literature for single species, but also for binary mixtures and recently extensively for multicomponent mixtures. In this paper, we address ways of constructing normal DVMs for polyatomic molecules (here represented by that each molecule has an internal energy, to account for non-translational energies, which can change during collisions), under the assumption that the set of allowed internal energies are finite. We present general algorithms for constructing such models, but we also give concrete examples of such constructions. This approach can also be combined with similar constructions of multicomponent mixtures to obtain multicomponent mixtures with polyatomic molecules, which is also briefly outlined. Then also, chemical reactions can be added.
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| 3. |
- Bernhoff, Niclas, 1971-
(författare)
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Half-Space Problems for a Linearized Discrete Quantum Kinetic Equation
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of statistical physics. - : Springer. - 0022-4715 .- 1572-9613. ; 159:2, s. 358-379
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study typical half-space problems of rarefied gas dynamics, including the problems of Milne and Kramer, for a general discrete model of a quantum kinetic equation for excitations in a Bose gas. In the discrete case the plane stationary quantum kinetic equation reduces to a system of ordinary differential equations. These systems are studied close to equilibrium and are proved to have the same structure as corresponding systems for the discrete Boltzmann equation. Then a classification of well-posed half-space problems for the homogeneous, as well as the inhomogeneous, linearized discrete kinetic equation can be made. The number of additional conditions that need to be imposed for well-posedness is given by some characteristic numbers. These characteristic numbers are calculated for discrete models axially symmetric with respect to the x-axis. When the characteristic numbers change is found in the discrete as well as the continuous case. As an illustration explicit solutions are found for a small-sized model.
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| 4. |
- Bernhoff, Niclas, 1971-
(författare)
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Boundary layers for discrete kinetic models: Multicomponent mixtures, polyatomic molecules, bimolecular reactions, and quantum kinetic equations
- 2017
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Ingår i: Kinetic and Related Models. - : American Institute of Mathematical Sciences. - 1937-5093 .- 1937-5077. ; 10:4, s. 925-955
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We consider some extensions of the classical discrete Boltzmann equation to the cases of multicomponent mixtures, polyatomic molecules (with a finite number of different internal energies), and chemical reactions, but also general discrete quantum kinetic Boltzmann-like equations; discrete versions of the Nordheim-Boltzmann (or Uehling-Uhlenbeck) equation for bosons and fermions and a kinetic equation for excitations in a Bose gas interacting witha Bose-Einstein condensate. In each case we have an H-theorem and so for the planar stationary half-space problem, we have convergence to an equilibrium distribution at infinity (or at least a manifold of equilibrium distributions). In particular, we consider the nonlinear half-space problem of condensation and evaporation for these discrete Boltzmann-like equations. We assume that the flow tends to a stationary point at infinity and that the outgoing flow is known at the wall, maybe also partly linearly depending on the incoming flow. We find that the systems we obtain are of similar structures as for the classical discrete Boltzmann equation (for single species), and that previously obtained results for the discrete Boltzmann equation can be applied after being generalized. Then the number of conditions on the assigned data at the wall needed for existence of a unique solution is found. The number of parameters to be specified in the boundary conditions depends on if we have subsonic or supersonic condensation or evaporation. All our results are valid for any finite number of velocities.
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| 5. |
- Bernhoff, Niclas, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Discrete Velocity Models for Mixtures Without Nonphysical Collision Invariants
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of statistical physics. - New York : Springer. - 0022-4715 .- 1572-9613. ; 165:2, s. 434-453
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An important aspect of constructing discrete velocity models (DVMs) for the Boltzmann equation is to obtain the right number of collision invariants. It is a well-known fact that DVMs can also have extra collision invariants, so called spurious collision invariants, in plus to the physical ones. A DVM with only physical collision invariants, and so without spurious ones, is called normal. For binary mixtures also the concept of supernormal DVMs was introduced, meaning that in addition to the DVM being normal, the restriction of the DVM to any single species also is normal. Here we introduce generalizations of this concept to DVMs for multicomponent mixtures. We also present some general algorithms for constructing such models and give some concrete examples of such constructions. One of our main results is that for any given number of species, and any given rational mass ratios we can construct a supernormal DVM. The DVMs are constructed in such a way that for half-space problems, as the Milne and Kramers problems, but also nonlinear ones, we obtain similar structures as for the classical discrete Boltzmann equation for one species, and therefore we can apply obtained results for the classical Boltzmann equation.
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| 6. |
- Bernhoff, Niclas, 1971-
(författare)
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Boundary Layers and Shock Profiles for the Discrete Boltzmann Equation for Mixtures
- 2012
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Ingår i: Kinetic and Related Models. - Springfield, MO : American Institute of Mathematical Sciences. - 1937-5093 .- 1937-5077. ; 5:1, s. 1-19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We consider the discrete Boltzmann equation for binary gas mixtures. Some known results for half-space problems and shock profile solutions of the discrete Boltzmann for single-component gases are extended to the case of two-component gases. These results include well-posedness results for half-space problems for the linearized discrete Boltzmann equation, existence results for half-space problems for the weakly non-linear discrete Boltzmann equation, and existence results for shock profile solutions of the discrete Boltzmann equation. A characteristic number, corresponding to the speed of sound in the continuous case, is calculated for a class of symmetric models. Some explicit calculations are also made for a simplified 6+4 -velocity model.
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| 7. |
- Bernhoff, Niclas, 1971-
(författare)
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Boundary layers for the nonlinear discrete Boltzmann equation : Condensing vapor flow in the presence of a non-condensable gas
- 2012. - 1
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Ingår i: Proceedings of 28th International Symposium on Rarefied Gas Dynamics 2012. - Melville, New York : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 9780735411159 ; , s. 223-230
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Half-space problems for the Boltzmann equation are of great importance in the study of the asymptotic behaviorof the solutions of boundary value problems of the Boltzmann equation for small Knudsen numbers. Half-space problems provide the boundary conditions for the fluid-dynamic-type equations and Knudsen-layer corrections to the solution of the fluid-dynamic-type equations in a neighborhood of the boundary. Here we consider a half-space problem of condensation for apure vapor in the presence of a non-condensable gas by using discrete velocity models (DVMs) of the Boltzmann equation. The Boltzmann equation can be approximated by DVMs up to any order, and these DVMs can be applied for numerical methods,but also for mathematical studies to bring deeper understanding and new ideas. For one-dimensional half-space problems,the discrete Boltzmann equation (the general DVM) reduces to a system of ODEs. We obtain that the number of parametersto be specified in the boundary conditions depends on whether the condensing vapor flow is subsonic or supersonic. Thisbehavior has earlier been found numerically. We want to stress that our results are valid for any finite number of velocities.This is an extension of known results for single-component gases (and for binary mixtures of two vapors) to the case when a non-condensable gas is present. The vapor is assumed to tend to an assigned Maxwellian, with a flow velocity towards thecondensed phase, at infinity, while the non-condensable gas tends to zero at infinity. Steady condensation of the vapor takes place at the condensed phase, which is held at a constant temperature. We assume that the vapor is completely absorbed, that the non-condensable gas is diffusively reflected at the condensed phase, and that vapor molecules leaving the condensed phase are distributed according to a given distribution. The conditions, on the given distribution at the condensed phase, needed for the existence of a unique solution of the problem are investigated, assuming that the given distribution at the condensed phase is sufficiently close to the Maxwellian at infinity and that the total mass of the non-condensable gas is sufficiently small. Exact solutions and solvability conditions are found for a specific simplified discrete velocity model (with few velocities).
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| 8. |
- Bernhoff, Niclas, 1971-
(författare)
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Discrete velocity models for multicomponent mixtures and polyatomic molecules without nonphysical collision invariants and shock profiles
- 2016
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Ingår i: 30th International Symposium on Rarefied Gas Dynamics: RGD 30. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 9780735414488 ; , s. 040005-1-040005-8
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- An important aspect of constructing discrete velocity models (DVMs) for the Boltzmann equation is to obtain the right number of collision invariants. It is a well-known fact that, in difference to in the continuous case, DVMs can have extra collision invariants, so called spurious collision invariants, in plus to the physical ones. A DVM with only physical collision invariants, and so without spurious ones, is called normal. The construction of such normal DVMs has been studied a lot in the literature for single species as well as for binary mixtures. For binary mixtures also the concept of supernormal DVMs has been introduced by Bobylevand Vinerean. Supernormal DVMs are defined as normal DVMs such that both restrictions to the different species are normal as DVMs for single species.In this presentation we extend the concept of supernormal DVMs to the case of multicomponent mixtures and introduce it for polyatomic molecules. By polyatomic molecules we mean here that each molecule has one of a finite number of different internal energies, which can change, or not, during a collision. We will present some general algorithms for constructing such models, but also give some concrete examples of such constructions.The two different approaches above can be combined to obtain multicomponent mixtures with a finite number of different internal energies, and then be extended in a natural way to chemical reactions.The DVMs are constructed in such a way that we for the shock-wave problem obtain similar structures as for the classical discrete Boltzmann equation (DBE) for one species, and therefore will be able to apply previously obtained results for the DBE. In fact the DBE becomes a system of ordinary dierential equations (dynamical system) and the shock profiles can be seen as heteroclinic orbits connecting two singular points (Maxwellians). The previous results for the DBE then give us the existence of shock profiles for shock speeds close to a typical speed, corresponding to the sound speed in the continuous case. For binary mixtures this extension has already been addressed before by the author.
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| 9. |
- Bernhoff, Niclas, 1971-
(författare)
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On half-space problems for the weakly non-linear discrete Boltzmann equation
- 2010
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Ingår i: Kinetic and Related Models. - Springfield, MO : American Institute of Mathematical Sciences. - 1937-5093 .- 1937-5077. ; 3:2, s. 195-222
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Existence of solutions of weakly non-linear half-space problems for the general discrete velocity (with arbitrarily finite number of velocities) model of the Boltzmann equation are studied. The solutions are assumed to tend to an assigned Maxwellian at infinity, and the data for the outgoing particles at the boundary are assigned, possibly linearly depending on the data for the incoming particles. The conditions, on the data at the boundary, needed for the existence of a unique (in a neighborhood of the assigned Maxwellian) solution of the problem are investigated. In the non-degenerate case (corresponding, in the continuous case, to the case when the Mach number at infinity is different of -1, 0 and 1) implicit conditions are found. Furthermore, under certain assumptions explicit conditions are found, both in the non-degenerate and degenerate cases. Applications to axially symmetric models are studied in more detail
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| 10. |
- Bernhoff, Niclas, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Weak Shock Wave Solutions for the Discrete Boltzmann Equation
- 2007
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Ingår i: Rarefied Gas Dynamics: 25th International Symposium on Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, July 21-28, 2006 (M.S. Ivanov and A.K. Rebrov, eds). - Novosibirsk : Publishing House of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. - 9785769209246 ; , s. 173-178
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The analytically difficult problem of existence of shock wave solutions is studied for the general discrete velocity model (DVM) with an arbitrary finite number of velocities (the discrete Boltzmann equation in terminology of H. Cabannes). For the shock wave problem the discrete Boltzmann equation becomes a system of ordinary differential equations (dynamical system). Then the shock waves can be seen as heteroclinic orbits connecting two singular points (Maxwellians). In this work we give a constructive proof for the existence of solutions in the case of weak shocks. We assume that a given Maxwellian is approached at infinity, and consider shock speeds close to a typical speed , corresponding to the sound speed in the continuous case. The existence of a non-negative locally unique (up to a shift in the independent variable) bounded solution is proved by using contraction mapping arguments (after a suitable decomposition of the system). This solution is then shown to tend to a Maxwellian at minus infinity. Existence of weak shock wave solutions for DVMs was proved by Bose, Illner and Ukai in 1998 [1]. In their technical proof Bose et al. are following the lines of the pioneering work for the continuous Boltzmann equation by Caflisch and Nicolaenko [2]. In this work, we follow a more straightforward way, suiting the discrete case. Our approach is based on results by the authors on the main characteristics (dimensions of corresponding stable, unstable and center manifolds) for singular points [3] to general dynamical systems of the same type as in the shock wave problem for DVMs. Our proof is constructive, and it is also shown (at least implicitly) how close to the typical speed , the shock speed must be for our results to be valid. All results are mathematically rigorous. Our results are also applicable for DVMs for mixtures. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. The support by the Swedish Research Council grant 20035357 are gratefully acknowledged by both of the authors.REFERENCES[1] C. Bose, R. Illner, S. Ukai, Transp. Th. Stat. Phys., 27, 35-66 (1998) [2] R.E. Caflisch, B. Nicolaenko, Comm. Math. Phys., 86, 161-194 (1982)[3] A.V. Bobylev, N. Bernhoff, Lecture Notes on the Discretization of the Boltzmann Equation, World Scientific, 2003, pp. 203-222
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