| 1. |
- Cutas, Daniela, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Legal imperialism in the regulation of stem cell research and therapy: the problem of extraterritorial jurisdiction
- 2010
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Ingår i: Capps BJ & Campbell AV (eds.). CONTESTED CELLS: Global Perspectives on the Stem Cell Debate. - London : Imperial College Press. - 9781848164376 ; , s. 95-119
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Countries worldwide have very different national regulations on human embryonic stem (ES) cell research, informed by a range of ethical values. Some countries find reason to extend the applicability of their regulations on such research to its citizens when they visit other countries. Extraterritorial jurisdiction has recently been identified as a potential challenge towards global regulation of ES cell research. This chapter explores the implications and impact of extraterritorial jurisdiction and global regulation of ES cell research on researchers, clinicians and national health systems, and how this may affect patients. The authors argue that it would make ethical sense for ES cell restrictive countries to extend its regulations on ES cell research beyond its borders, because, if these countries really consider embryo destruction to be objectionable on the basis on the status of the embryo, then they ought to count it morally on par with murder (and thus have a moral imperative to protect embryos from the actions of its own citizens). However, doing so could lead to a legal situation that would result in substantial harm to central values in areas besides research, such as health care, the job market, basic freedom of movement, and strategic international finance and politics. Thus, it seems that restrictive extraterritorial jurisdiction in respect to ES cell research would be deeply problematic, given that the ethical permissibility of ES cell research is characterised by deep and wide disagreement.
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| 2. |
- Roomans, Godfried M., 1951-, et al.
(författare)
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X-Ray Microanalysis in the Scanning Electron Microscope
- 2014. - 3
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Ingår i: Electron microscopy. - New York, USA : Humana Press. - 9781627037761 - 9781627037754 ; , s. 639-661
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- X-ray microanalysis conducted using the scanning electron microscope is a technique that allows the determination of chemical elements in bulk or semi-thick specimens. The lowest concentration of an element that can be detected is in the order of a few mmol/kg or a few hundred parts per million, and the smallest amount is in the order of 10(-18) g. The spatial resolution of the analysis depends on the thickness of the specimen. For biological specimen analysis, care must be taken to prevent displacement/loss of the element of interest (usually ions). Protocols are presented for the processing of frozen-hydrated and freeze-dried specimens, as well as for the analysis of small volumes of fluid, cell cultures, and other specimens. Aspects of qualitative and quantitative analysis are covered, including limitations of the technique.
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| 3. |
- Lammi, Mikko, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Responses of mammalian cells to mechanical forces
- 2001. - Vol. 1
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Ingår i: Recent Research Developments in Biophysics and Biochemistry. - Trivandrum, India : Research Signpost. - 8177360574 ; , s. 77-89
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- All cells and tissues of our body are continuously subject to various mechanical stresses. These forces include, e.g., compression, shear stress, hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure. The range of forces vary from few pascals to several megapascals in magnitude. In many cases, mechanical forces are required for the tissues to maintain their normal functional structure and composition. However, excessive forces in the end may lead to adverse responses. In this paper, we review the data available from many different tissues in order to compare the signaling mechanisms involved in cellular mechanotransduction, and how the cells respond to forces that are too strenuous for them to withstand. The possible stress reactions caused by excessive forces are also discussed.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Hideg, Éva, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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The effects of UV-B on the biochemistry and metabolism of plants
- 2017
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Ingår i: UV-B radiation and plant life. - Wallingford, UK : CABI Publishing. - 9781780648590 - 9781780648606 ; , s. 90-110
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter focuses on the effects of UV-B radiation on the biochemistry and metabolism of plants and their underlying mechanisms. Information on the UV-inducible metabolites and protection responses of plants against UV-B radiation are also discussed.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Kirsebom, L.A
(författare)
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Escherichia coli RNase P.
- 2001
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Ingår i: Methods in ENZYMOLOGY. ; , s. 77-92
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 10. |
- Larsbrink, Johan, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Bacteroidetes bacteria in the soil: Glycan acquisition, enzyme secretion, and gliding motility
- 2020
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Ingår i: Advances in Applied Microbiology. - : Elsevier. - 0065-2164. ; , s. 63-98
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The secretion of extracellular enzymes by soil microbes is rate-limiting in the recycling of biomass. Fungi and bacteria compete and collaborate for nutrients in the soil, with wide ranging ecological impacts. Within soil microbiota, the Bacteroidetes tend to be a dominant phylum, just like in human and animal intestines. The Bacteroidetes thrive because of their ability to secrete diverse arrays of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) that target the highly varied glycans in the soil. Bacteroidetes use an energy-saving system of genomic organization, whereby most of their CAZymes are grouped into Polysaccharide Utilization Loci (PULs). These loci enable high level production of specific CAZymes only when their substrate glycans are abundant in the local environment. This gives the Bacteroidetes a clear advantage over other species in the competitive soil environment, further enhanced by the phylum-specific Type IX Secretion System (T9SS). The T9SS is highly effective at secreting CAZymes and/or tethering them to the cell surface, and is tightly coupled to the ability to rapidly glide over solid surfaces, a connection that promotes an active hunt for nutrition. Although the soil Bacteroidetes are less well studied than human gut symbionts, research is uncovering important biochemical and physiological phenomena. In this review, we summarize the state of the art on research into the CAZymes secreted by soil Bacteroidetes in the contexts of microbial soil ecology and the discovery of novel CAZymes for use in industrial biotechnology. We hope that this review will stimulate further investigations into the somewhat neglected enzymology of non-gut Bacteroidetes.
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