| 1. |
- Cederfelt, Daniela, et al.
(författare)
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The Allosteric Regulation of Β-Ureidopropionase Depends on Fine-Tuned Stability of Active-Site Loops and Subunit Interfaces
- 2023
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Ingår i: Biomolecules. - : MDPI. - 2218-273X. ; 13:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The activity of β-ureidopropionase, which catalyses the last step in the degradation of uracil, thymine, and analogous antimetabolites, is cooperatively regulated by the substrate and product of the reaction. This involves shifts in the equilibrium of the oligomeric states of the enzyme, but how these are achieved and result in changes in enzyme catalytic competence has yet to be determined. Here, the regulation of human β-ureidopropionase was further explored via site-directed mutagenesis, inhibition studies, and cryo-electron microscopy. The active-site residue E207, as well as H173 and H307 located at the dimer-dimer interface, are shown to play crucial roles in enzyme activation. Dimer association to larger assemblies requires closure of active-site loops, which positions the catalytically crucial E207 stably in the active site. H173 and H307 likely respond to ligand-induced changes in their environment with changes in their protonation states, which fine-tunes the active-site loop stability and the strength of dimer-dimer interfaces and explains the previously observed pH influence on the oligomer equilibrium. The correlation between substrate analogue structure and effect on enzyme assembly suggests that the ability to favourably interact with F205 may distinguish activators from inhibitors. The cryo-EM structure of human β-ureidopropionase assembly obtained at low pH provides first insights into the architecture of its activated state. and validates our current model of the allosteric regulation mechanism. Closed entrance loop conformations and dimer-dimer interfaces are highly conserved between human and fruit fly enzymes.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Seeger, Christian, 1982-
(författare)
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Revealing Secrets of Synaptic Protein Interactions : A Biosensor based Strategy
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Protein interactions are the basis of synaptic function, and studying these interactions on a molecular level is crucial for understanding basic brain function, as well as mechanisms underlying neurological disorders. In this thesis, kinetic and mechanistic characterization of synaptic protein interactions was performed by using surface plasmon resonance biosensor technology. Fragment library screening against the reverse transcriptase of HIV was included, as it served as an outlook for future drug discovery against ligand-gated ion channels.The protein-protein interaction studies of postsynaptic Ca2+ -binding proteins revealed caldendrin as a novel binding partner of AKAP79. Caldendrin and calmodulin bind and compete at similar binding sites but their interactions display different mechanisms and kinetics. In contrast to calmodulin, caldendrin binds to AKAP79 both in the presence and absence of Ca2+ suggesting distinct in vivo functional properties of caldendrin and calmodulin.Homo-oligomeric β3 GABAA receptors, although not yet identified in vivo, are candidates for a histamine-gated ion channel in the brain. To aid the identification of the receptor, 51 histaminergic ligands were screened and a unique pharmacology was determined. A further requirement for identifying β3 receptors in the brain, is the availability of specific high-affinity ligands. The developed biosensor assay displayed sufficient sensitivity and throughput for screening for such ligands, as well as for being employed for fragment-based drug discovery.AMPA receptors are excitatory ligand-gated ion channels, involved in synaptic plasticity, and modulated by auxiliary proteins. Previous results have indicated that Noelin1, a secreted glycoprotein, interacts with the AMPA receptor. By using biochemical methods, it was shown that Noelin1 interacts directly with the receptor. The kinetics of the interaction were estimated by biosensor analysis, thereby confirming the interaction and suggesting low nanomolar affinity. The results provide a basis for functional characterization of a novel AMPA receptor protein interaction.The results demonstrate how secrets of synaptic protein interactions and function were revealed by using a molecular based approach. Improving the understanding of such interactions is valuable for basic neuroscience. At the same time, the technical advancements that were achieved to study interactions of ligand-gated ion channels by surface plasmon resonance technology, provide an important tool for discovery of novel therapeutics against these important drug targets.
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| 4. |
- Geitmann, Matthis, et al.
(författare)
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Interaction kinetic characterization of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase non-nucleoside inhibitor resistance
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0022-2623 .- 1520-4804. ; 49:8, s. 2375-87
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To decipher the mechanism for non-nucleoside inhibitor resistance of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the kinetics of the interaction between wild type and drug-resistant variants of the enzyme and structurally diverse inhibitors were determined. Substitution of amino acid residues in the inhibitor binding site resulted in altered rate constants for the pre-equilibrium between two unliganded forms of the enzyme, and for the association and dissociation of the inhibitor-enzyme interaction. The Y181C, V108I, and P225H substitutions affected primarily the association and dissociation rate constants, while the K103N and the L100I substitutions also influenced the equilibrium between the two forms of the free enzyme. The K103N and the L100I substitutions were found to facilitate both the entry of the inhibitor into the binding pocket as well as its exit, in contrast to what has been reported elsewhere. Interaction kinetic-based resistance profiles showed that phenethylthiazolylthiourea compounds were relatively insensitive to the studied substitutions.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Cederfelt, Daniela
(författare)
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Structural studies of drug targets and a drug metabolizing enzyme
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The work presented in this thesis describes how structural information about a protein can be acquired, and how it can be used to answer scientific questions about proteins’ function, their dynamic behaviour and their interactions with other proteins or ligands.The catalytic function of the pyrimidine-degrading, drug metabolizing enzyme β-ureidopropionase (βUP) is dependent on the shift between oligomeric states. Substitution of amino acids H173 and H307 in the dimer-dimer interface and E207Q in the active site revealed that these are crucial for βUP activation. Inhibition studies of substrate-and product analogues allowed for a hypothesis that the ability to interact with F205 might distinguish activators from inhibitors. The first structure of the activated higher oligomer state of human βUP was determined using cryogenic electron microscopy, and confirmed that the closed entrance loop conformations and dimer-dimer interfaces are conserved between HsβUP and DmβUP. Interactions between the epigenetic drug target SET and MYND domain containing protein 3 (SMYD3) and possible inhibitors were investigated. A crystal structure confirmed the covalent bond of a rationally designed, targeted inhibitor to C186 in the active site of SMYD3. A new allosteric binding site was discovered using a biosensor screen with a blocked active site. Crystal structures revealed the location of the new binding site, and the binding mode of the (S)-and (R) enantiomers of the allosteric inhibitor. Lastly, a fragment based drug discovery approach was taken, co-crystallizing and soaking SMYD3 with hits from a fragment screen. This resulted in four crystal structures with weak electron density of fragments at several locations in the enzyme. The dynamic acetylcholine binding protein (AChBP) is a homologue of a Cys-loop type ligand gated ion channel. Hits from various biosensor screens, of which some indicated conformational changes, were co-crystallized with AChBP. Seven crystal structures of AChBP in complex with hit compounds from the biophysical screens were determined. Small conformational changes in the Cys-loop were detected in several of the crystal structures, coinciding with the results from the biosensor screens.In these studies, we explore new strategies for the investigation of the function and regulation of proteins relevant in drug discovery and optimization.
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