| 1. |
- Kristensen, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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Photoelectron spectroscopy studies of the functionalization of a silicon surface with a phosphorylcholine-terminated polymer grafted onto (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane
- 2006
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Ingår i: Langmuir. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0743-7463 .- 1520-5827. ; 22:23, s. 9651-9657
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The structure of a biomimetic phosphorylcholine (PC)-functionalized poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PC-PTMC-PC), linked to a silicon substrate through an aminolysis reaction at 120 degrees C with (3-aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane (APTMS), was studied using photoelectron spectroscopy. Two chemical states were found for the unreacted APTMS amine, a neutral state and a protonated state, where the protonated amine on average was situated closer to the silicon substrate than the neutral amine. The experiments also indicated the presence of a third chemical state, where amines interact with unreacted silanol groups. The PTMC chains of the grafted films were found to consist of only 2-3 repeat units, with the grafted chains enriched in the zwitterionic end group, suggesting that these groups are attracted to the surface. This was further supported by the experiments showing that the PC groups were situated deeper within the film.
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| 2. |
- Philippe, Bertrand, et al.
(författare)
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Role of the LiPF6 Salt for the Long-Term Stability of Silicon Electrodes in Li-Ion Batteries : A Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study
- 2013
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Ingår i: Chemistry of Materials. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0897-4756 .- 1520-5002. ; 25:3, s. 394-404
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Silicon presents a very high theoretical capacity (3578 mAh/g) and appears as a promising candidate for the next generation of negativeelectrodes for Li-ion batteries. An important issue for the implementation ofsilicon is the understanding of the interfacial chemistry taking place duringcharge/discharge since it partly explains the capacity fading usually observedupon cycling. In this work, the mechanism for the evolution of the interfacialchemistry (reaction of surface oxide, Li−Si alloying process, and passivationlayer formation) upon long-term cycling has been investigated byphotoelectron spectroscopy (XPS or PES). A nondestructive depth resolved analysis was carried out by using both soft Xrays(100−800 eV) and hard X-rays (2000−7000 eV) from two different synchrotron facilities. The results are compared withthose obtained with an in-house spectrometer (1486.6 eV). The important role played by the LiPF6 salt on the stability of thesilicon electrode during cycling has been demonstrated in this study. A partially fluorinated species is formed upon cycling at theoutermost surface of the silicon nanoparticles as a result of the reaction of the materials toward the electrolyte. We have shownthat a similar species is also formed by simple contact between the electrolyte and the pristine electrode. The reactivity betweenthe electrode and the electrolyte is investigated in this work. Finally, we also report in this work the evolution of the compositionand covering of the SEI upon cycling as well as proof of the protective role of the SEI when the cell is at rest.
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| 3. |
- Maibach, Julia, et al.
(författare)
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Probing a battery electrolyte drop with ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 2041-1723. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Operando ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy in realistic battery environments is a key development towards probing the functionality of the electrode/electrolyte interface in lithium-ion batteries that is not possible with conventional photoelectron spectroscopy. Here, we present the ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy characterization of a model electrolyte based on 1M bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium salt in propylene carbonate. For the first time, we show ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy data of propylene carbonate in the liquid phase by using solvent vapor as the stabilizing environment. This enables us to separate effects from salt and solvent, and to characterize changes in electrolyte composition as a function of probing depth. While the bulk electrolyte meets the expected composition, clear accumulation of ionic species is found at the electrolyte surface. Our results show that it is possible to measure directly complex liquids such as battery electrolytes, which is an important accomplishment towards true operando studies.
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| 4. |
- Westermark, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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PES Studies of Ru(dcbpyH2)2(NCS)2 Adsorption on Nanostructured ZnO for Solar Cell Applications
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Physical Chemistry B. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-6106 .- 1520-5207. ; 106:39, s. 10102-10107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The interaction between the dye cis-bis(4,4‘-dicarboxy-2,2‘-bipyridine)-bis(isothiocyanato)-ruthenium(II), Ru(dcbpyH2)2(NCS)2, and nanostructured ZnO was investigated by photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) using synchrotron radiation. The results are compared with those of nanostructured TiO2 sensitized with the same dye, which to date is the most efficient system for dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical solar cells. When comparing the two metal oxides, differences in the surface molecular structure were observed both for low and high dye coverages, as seen by comparing the oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur signals. The origin of these differences is discussed in terms of substrate-induced dye aggregation and in variations in surface bonding geometries. The measurements also provide information concerning the energy matching between the orbitals of the dye and the ZnO valence band, which is of importance in photoinduced charge transfer.
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| 5. |
- Yang, Lei, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of the Function of 4- tert -Butyl Pyridine for Interface Energy Level Adjustment in Efficient Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
- 2018
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Ingår i: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. - : American Chemical Society. - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 10:14, s. 11572-11579
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 4-tert-Butylpyridine (t-BP) is commonly used in solid state dye-sensitized solar cells (ssDSSCs) to increase the photovoltaic performance. In this report, the mechanism how t-BP functions as a favorable additive is investigated comprehensively. ssDSSCs were prepared with different concentrations of t-BP, and a clear increase in efficiency was observed up to a maximum concentration and for higher concentrations the efficiency thereafter decreases. The energy level alignment in the complete devices was measured using hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES). The results show that the energy levels of titanium dioxide are shifted further away from the energy levels of spiro-OMeTAD as the t-BP concentration is increased. This explains the higher photovoltage obtained in the devices with higher t-BP concentration. In addition, the electron lifetime was measured for the devices and the electron lifetime was increased when adding t-BP, which can be explained by the recombination blocking effect at the surface of TiO2. The results from the HAXPES measurements agree with those obtained from density functional theory calculations and give an understanding of the mechanism for the improvement, which is an important step for the future development of solar cells including t-BP.
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| 6. |
- Johansson, Erik M.J., et al.
(författare)
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Electronic and molecular surface structure of a polyene-diphenylaniline dye adsorbed from solution onto nanoporous TiO2
- 2007
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Ingår i: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1932-7447 .- 1932-7455. ; 111:24, s. 8580-8586
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The surface electronic and molecular structure of a new organic chromophore useful for dye-sensitized nanostructured solar cells has been investigated by means of electron spectroscopy. Initially the use of a simple molecular system containing the polyene-diphenylaniline chromophore in a solar cell device was verified. The electronic and molecular surface structure of the functional dye-sensitized interface was then investigated in detail by a combination of core level spectroscopy, valence level spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and resonant photoemission spectroscopy. The results indicate a dominating orientation of the molecule at the surface, having the diphenylaniline moiety pointing out from the surface. Valence level spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and resonant photoemission spectroscopy were used to experimentally delineate the frontier electronic structure of the molecule, and the experimental spectra were analyzed against theoretical spectra, based on density functional theory. Together the investigation gives insight into energy matching of the molecular electronic states with respect to the TiO2 substrate as well as the localization of the frontier electronic states and the direction of the charge-transfer absorption process with regards to the TiO2 surface.
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| 7. |
- Cappel, Ute B., et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of the Interface Properties and Processes in Solid State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Employing a Perylene Sensitizer
- 2011
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Ingår i: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1932-7447 .- 1932-7455. ; 115:10, s. 4345-4358
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We recently reported on a perylene sensitizer, ID176, which performs much better in solid state dye-sensitized solar cells than in those using liquid electrolytes with iodide/tri-iodide as the redox couple (J. Phys. Chem. C2009, 113, 14595-14597). Here, we present a characterization of the sensitizer and of the TiO2/dye interface by UV-visible absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, spectroelectrochemistry, photoelectron spectroscopy, electroabsorption spectroscopy, photoinduced absorption spectroscopy, and femtosecond transient absorption measurements. We report that the absorption spectrum of the sensitizer is red-shifted by addition of lithium ions to the surface due to a downward shift of the excited state level of the sensitizer, which is of the same order of magnitude as the downward shift of the titanium dioxide conduction band edge. Results from photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemistry suggest that the excited state is largely located below the conduction band edge of TiO2 but that there are states in the band gap of TiO2 which might be available for photoinduced electron injection. The sensitizer was able to efficiently inject into TiO2, when a lithium salt was present on the surface, while injection was much less effective in the absence of lithium ions or in the presence of solvent. In the presence of the hole conductor 2,2-,7,7-tetrakis-(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)-9,9-spirobifluorene (spiro-MeOTAD) and LiTFSI, charge separation was monitored by the emergence of a Stark shift of the dye in transient absorption spectra, and both injection and regeneration appear to be completed within 1 ps. Regeneration by spiro-MeOTAD is therefore several orders of magnitude faster than regeneration by iodide, and ID176 can even be photoreduced by spiro-MeOTAD.
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| 8. |
- Hahlin, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Electronic and molecular structures of organic dye/TiO2 interfaces for solar cell applications : a core level photoelectron spectroscopy study
- 2010
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Ingår i: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1463-9076 .- 1463-9084. ; 12:7, s. 1507-1517
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The electronic and molecular properties of three organic dye molecules with the general structure donor-linker-anchor have been investigated using core level photoelectron spectroscopy (PES). The molecules contain a diphenylaniline donor unit, a thiophene linker unit, and cyanoacrylic acid or rhodanine-3-acetic acid anchor units. They have been investigated both in the form of a multilayer and adsorbed onto nanoporous TiO2 and the experimental results were also compared with DFT calculations. The changes at the dye-sensitized TiO2 surface due to the modification of either the donor unit or the anchor unit was investigated and the results showed important differences in coverage as well as in electronic and molecular surface properties. By measuring the core level binding energies, the sub-molecular properties were characterized and the result showed that the adsorption to the TiO2 influences the energy levels of the sub-molecular units differently.
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| 9. |
- Jacobsson, Jesper, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Extending the Compositional Space of Mixed Lead Halide Perovskites by Cs, Rb, K, and Na Doping
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1932-7447 .- 1932-7455. ; 122:25, s. 13548-13557
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A trend in high performing lead halide perovskite solar cell devices has been increasing compositional complexity by successively introducing more elements, dopants, and additives into the structure; and some of the latest top efficiencies have been achieved with a quadruple cation mixed halide perovskite Cs(x)FA(y)MA(z)Rb(1-x-y-z)PbBr(q)I(3-9). This paper continues this trend by exploring doping of mixed lead halide perovskites, FA(0.83)MA(0.17)PbBr(0.51)I(2.49), with an extended set of alkali cations, i.e., Cs+, Rb+, K+, and Na+, as well as combinations of them. The doped perovskites were investigated with X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-vis, steady state fluorescence, and ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy. Solar cell devices were made as well. Cs+ can replace the organic cations in the perovskite structure, but Rb+, K+, and Na+ do not appear to do that. Despite this, samples doped with K and Na have substantially longer fluorescence lifetimes, which potentially could be beneficial for device performance.
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| 10. |
- Man, Gabriel J., et al.
(författare)
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A-site cation influence on the conduction band of lead bromide perovskites
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Nature Research. - 2041-1723. ; 13:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hot carrier solar cells hold promise for exceeding the Shockley-Queisser limit. Slow hot carrier cooling is one of the most intriguing properties of lead halide perovskites and distinguishes this class of materials from competing materials used in solar cells. Here we use the element selectivity of high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy and density functional theory to uncover a previously hidden feature in the conduction band states, the sigma-pi energy splitting, and find that it is strongly influenced by the strength of electronic coupling between the A-cation and bromide-lead sublattice. Our finding provides an alternative mechanism to the commonly discussed polaronic screening and hot phonon bottleneck carrier cooling mechanisms. Our work emphasizes the optoelectronic role of the A-cation, provides a comprehensive view of A-cation effects in the crystal and electronic structures, and outlines a broadly applicable spectroscopic approach for assessing the impact of chemical alterations of the A-cation on perovskite electronic structure. The A-cation influence on the mechanism of slow hot carrier cooling in perovskites is controversial. Here, Man et al. resolve a debated issue regarding A-cation influence on the electronic structure of lead halide perovskites.
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