| 1. |
- Helmius, Ingrid
(författare)
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Polisens rättsliga befogenheter vid spaning
- 2000
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis investigates the legal authority to use power available to police in pursuing secret surveillance to detect and take legal measures against crimes. It analysis the regulations governing different methods of surveillance, and how they balance public and private interests in legislation as well as in its application.The systematization of the methods of secret surveillance shows a well-reasoned, comprehensive picture needed for the development of a better legislation regarding the security of private life. This is equally pertinent to the interests of the individual police officer. The incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights into the Swedish legal system in 1955 entailed changes with regard to rights to privacy. In most cases the Convention provides a stronger protection for the right to respect for privacy than does the Swedish Constitution. No methodological investigation was made of the effect of the incorporation of the convention into Swedish legislation which, as a consequence, lacks legal ground for some surveillance methods. Moreover, the protection of privacy provided by the Constitution has not been fully and sufficiently recognised.The legal principles for administrative agencies are more or less expressely observed in legislation. In the application of the law the principles seem to bee adhered to in equal measure when they are explicit in the legislation and when they are not. The study shows however, that the basic principle of legality is not taken into sufficient consideration. Without credibility there is a risk that effective crimefighting is undermined by suspicions of police misuse of powers.
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| 2. |
- Singer, Anna
(författare)
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Föräldraskap i rättslig belysning
- 2000
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Parenthood, from a legal perspective, has always been perceived as a rather unambiguous concept in Swedish legislation. It is the biological parent of a child who should be given legal status as parent and thereby also all the rights and duties of a parent.In the first part of the thesis examines some of the reasons for studying the legislation concerning parenthood. The laws regulating the relationship between parent and child originate from laws enacted at the beginning of the twentieth century. One hundred years later, changing family patterns and the development of different techniques for assisted reproduction are only a few of the factors that puts legislation concerning parenthood in a new light. Of even greater importance is a changing view of the child and the ambition to always put the interests of the child first. It is submitted that the regulation concerning the attainment of legal status as parent must be re-examined, like any other legislation concerning children, in view of the best interest of the child.The second part of the thesis examines the grounds for legal status as parent according to applicable Swedish laws. Particular attention is given to the question of the extent to which biological kinship can be replaced as the basis for legal status and the reasons behind this. The third part of the thesis analyses the legal construction of parenthood. The various interests of parent and child that are met by the present legislation are clarified, in particular the interests of the child in this context. It is concluded that the child has several interests that should be satisfied when establishing legal status. A question discussed in this part of the thesis is whether it is possible to satisfy the child's various interest in this context, independently of one another and without having to change the child's legal family status.The fourth and final part of the thesis discusses legal parenthood and how the legislation could be formed in order to protect the interests of the child in a more effective manner than today. It is argued that the legal regulation of parenthood needs to be more flexible, allowing for the various interests that the child has in connection with parenthood to be met independently of one another. This means that there might be a need to let go of biological parentage as the model for legislation on parenthood. A child perhaps needs not two but several parents during childhood.
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| 3. |
- Ullman, Harald
(författare)
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Försäkring och ansvarsfördelning : Om förhållandet mellan försäkring och kommersiella leverans- och entreprenadavtal
- 1999
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis discusses the relationship between risks in commercial supply and construction contracts. on the one hand, and risk coverage via insurance, on the other hand. Despite the close link which, in fact, exists between companies' standard purchase agreements and the insurance they hold, few concrete signs of this can be seen. Most standard agreements in Swedish industry outside the building trade and the transport sector lack provisions requiring insurance to be effected by the parties involved. The thesis analyses the existing combined business insurance from the standpoint of the sale of goods. The examination shows that the parties to a purchase agreement who take into account the scope for risk coverage offered by this insurance can select new principles for the division of liability Risks and risk coverage in CAR and EAR contracts are described in the thesis in order to show how a well-developed interaction between risk-taking and insurance cover can be achieved in standard contracts. Different methods of apportioning risk between the parties to a contract are described, followed by a discussion of the links of these methods to insurance. The exclusion of liability in a standard contract can be assessed in the light of the existing insurance cover. The thesis sets out a number of examples of legal practice outside Sweden where an exclusion of liability has been judged to be unreasonable. Contractual provisions about the obligation of a party to effect and make use of insurance has a bearing on the division of liability between the parties. On the other hand, the division of liability agreed by the parties affects their access to insurance cover. An account is finally given of how the division of liability can be implemented through subrogation by the insurer against the party responsible. The examination shows not only that commercial all risks insurance, machinery breakdown insurance and business interruption insurance has an important task to fulfil as a means of covering risks in commercial contracts, but also that the exclusion in liability insurance of pure financial loss is not practical. The parties to an agreement should specify to a greater degree what should be covered by their insurance contracts to avoid the risk of provisions relating to the obligation to effect insurance not having the intended effect. The limitation of liability exposure by a party through the use of exclusions of liability in a supply contract has proved to have littleeffect on the cost of insurance cover. On the other hand, increased risks in a contract can affect the cost of the insurance cover. In conclusion, a description is given of how a new kid of all risks insurance could cover certain important losses relating to the sale of goods and that the liability insurance should also be extended to provide for the basic coverage required. Greatly improved interaction between purchase risks and insurance is desirable. Such an interaction presupposes the development by the insurance companies of new and greatly simplified insurances.
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| 4. |
- Karlsson-Tuula, Marie, 1961-
(författare)
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Rekonstruktion av företag inom insolvenslagstiftningens ramar : en jämförande studie av svensk och amerikansk insolvensrätt
- 2001
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Insolvency law is the rooth of commercial and financial law because it obliges the legislator to chose. There is not enough money to go round so the law must chose who to pay. The law must always decide who is to bear the risk so there is always a winner and a loser. The insolvency law has been at the policy agenda in many countries in the last years. In France, Germany, Italy, Japan and other countries have the legal frameworks changed from liquidation procedures to reorganization business. The legal situation in Sweden has also changed from compositions to reorganization business, lagen om företagsrekonstruktion. The key issues are to encourage the formal proceeding by enlarging the debtors control of the business and by inroads creditors rights, in which case the proceeding is pro-debtor.This dissertation compares Swedish and American Bankruptcy Codes with respect to similarities and differences at macro- and micro perspectives. Chapter 11 Reorganization Business in America provides a corporate rehabilitation model, which has been used in other countries. The dissertation also compares the use of the concepts of - the purpose, - the function and - the direction of Swedish and American Bankruptcy Laws in order to establish whether the law is pro-debtor or pro-creditor. The key indicators of whether the rescue proceeding is pro-debtor or pro-creditor include; - How easy it is to enter the rescue proceeding. Debtor's incentives to commence proceeding, freeze on executions and liquidation petitions, impact on security, impact on title of finance, impact on set-off and netting, impact on contract rescissions and lease forfeitures. Disclaimer and abandonment, ability to replace the management, financing of the rescue, scope of the rehabilitation plan. It is argued that the optimal bankruptcy law can be achieved if the law purpose, the function and the law direction relate to each other in Sweden, in both reorganization business and in the liquidation code and it also compared with the American Bankruptcy Code. According to my opinion this is important both in a national and international context.The dissertation also deals with debtor's contract in an insolvency situation in reorganization business and in liquidation. Swedish Laws are compared to the American Bankruptcy Code and point out similarities and differences. In the American Bankruptcy Code there is a special section 365 § BC dealing with executory contract, this section is nearly the same for both the reorganization- and liquidationproceedings. The contracts must be unperformed which means the obligation of both the bankrupt and the other party in the contract are so far unperformed that the failure of either to complete performance would constitute a material breach excusing the performance of the other. If the contract is unperformed the debtor has the possibility to chose if the contracts shall be assumed, assumed and assigned or rejected. Section 365 § BC requires the court to consider whether assumption of the contract in question will further be needed in either rehabilitation or liquidation of the bankruptcy estate. The court reviews the financial impact of the estate and if it is benefiting becoming administratively obligated to perform. The court also review if is best to breach the contract. In Sweden we have different sections which regulate the situation. One section in our reorganization law, lagen om företagsrekonstruktion, we also have two special sections in the law of Sale of Goods, which deals with contract when a debtor became insolvent or file for reorganization business. But we don't have any section in our liquidation law, konkurslagstiftningen, which in my opinion is very strange. We also have a problem with the legislation about swaps and netting which are regulated in a special law, lagen om handel med finansiella intrument. Particular attention is given to the advantages and disadvantages of the existing rules in Swedish legal system compared with 365 § in American Bankruptcy Code. From a national point of view such section should preferably include all types of contract in only one section which is nearly the same as the American model of section 365 §.
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| 5. |
- Lunell, Erika, 1966-
(författare)
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Okonventionella varumärken : - form, färg, doft, ljud
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation deals with new types of marks – shape marks, colour marks, feel marks, hologram marks, motion marks, sound marks, scent marks and taste marks – which, as an option or complement to conventional word or figure marks, are being increasingly used as trade marks in the market place. This trend gives rise to legal and practical questions related to the application of already established trade mark principles in the new context. These questions are the topic of the present investigation. Two issues are studied more closely: the concept of distinctiveness and that of graphic representation.To function as a trade mark a sign must be capable of distinguishing goods or services of one undertaking from those of others. For this, a link must be established between the mark and the goods or services. A problem is that an unconventional sign often conveys functional or decorative messages in addition to the trade mark message. The problem of conflicting messages given by a mark is discussed in some detail, as well as the situation where multiple marks are used in relation to one and the same product. A special problem is that the mark sometimes may not be perceptible to the consumer until after the point of sale. An analysis is also presented of the conflict between the right of the trade mark owner to use, e.g., a colour mark, and the public interest in leaving free certain signs for everyone to use.In order to define the subject of protection, a trade mark application must include a graphic representation of the mark for which registration is sought. As a consequence of the interpretation by the European Court of Justice, the requirement of graphic representation today effectively blocks certain types of marks from being registered. It is suggested that the technical development now may motivate a generalization of the requirement, to include also other methods of representation.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Lundin, Olle
(författare)
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Kommunal revision : En rättslig analys
- 1999
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This is a thesis in administrative law that deals with questions concerning control and accountability on the local governmental level. Focus is set on the construction with a laymen-auditing system for controlling the administration. The Swedish system is special in this regard. Demands for efficient and independent control and audit collides with the local self government which in Sweden is extensive. It is often said that the local politicians are examined and controlled by their own collegues. In an audit perspective that creates questions and doubts of the audit function and concept in the context of Swedish local government. This thesis identifies some of the main problems and also tries to solve them.The thesis has three purposes.The first is to explore and describe the system of local government audit, The second purpose is to discuss the system of local government audit de lege lata The third purpose is to evaluate the current situation.The evaluation is based on three criteria as basic elements of audit. The criteria are the following:-credibility,-standards of evaluation,-feed-back.The result of the evaluation is that the efficiency of the local government audit can be questioned, since the audit fails to fulfil these criteria. For example, the competence of the audit is not guaranteed by legal demands on the audit or the auditor. This fact creates a lack of credibility. The independence is also questionable. The political parties, are in the background and reflects on the audit context in a negative way. The auditor who has a future political career to consider is not independent in relation to the other party members who are subject to examination.The conclusion of the thesis is that the local government audit is a democratic instrument that fails to fulfil some of the basic criteria of audit. The efficiency of the audit is therefore in question. The problem of guaranteeing the members of the municipals and county councils that satisfying control and examination is carried out is ultimately a task for the legislator to solve. The state has the responsibility to create a system where taxpayors money is used in the public business in an economic efficient and lawful way.
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| 8. |
- Jers, Johanna, 1983-
(författare)
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Ett gemensamt styrelserum : rättsliga förutsättningar för att åstadkomma en jämn könsfördelning genom kvotering
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many countries have set political goals in order to achieve an equal gender balance on company boards. A common intervention to reach these goals is the introduction of mandatory quota rules. The overall purpose of this doctoral thesis is to study legal obstacles and legal possibilities that arise in the conflict of interest between gender equality and autonomy for corporations [Gesellschaftautonomie], when a Member State such as Sweden adopts a mandatory quota rule to achieve an equal gender balance on boards of companies listed on the stock market [aktiemarknadsbolag].The study analyses different types of regulatory models – legislation and corporate self-regulation – based on mandatory quota rules. First, the study addresses if a limitation of constitutional rights such as the protection of property and non-discrimination can be constitutionally permissible in this context. Second, the study examines legal support within EU law for a Member State such as Sweden to introduce mandatory quota rules to achieve an equal gender balance on boards of companies listed on the stock market. Measures undertaken to effectuate such a limitation need to be rationally connected to and necessary to the fulfilment of a permissible purpose to be legally justifiable. Third, therefore, the study explores whether a mandatory quota rule in order to achieve an equal gender balance on the boards of companies listed on the Swedish stock market can be justified. Fourth and finally, it is analysed whether such measures can be effectuated while still upholding the general principles of corporate law.Findings include that the effect of a quota rule would, in the Swedish context, probably be the same regardless of whether legislation or corporate self-regulation would be relied upon as the mechanism to achieve an equal gender balance on company boards. However, a regulatory model introduced by the stock market’s regulators in the listing agreement would probably not meet as much critique as a state-initiated regulatory model.
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| 9. |
- Börrefors, Johanna, 1973-
(författare)
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En essä om estetisk efterrättelse
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Meads centrala påstående var att medvetandet uppstår mellan människor. Det individuella subjektet framträder därmed som en effekt. Jag har lyft fram det faktum att Miget - agenten snarare än subjektet - föregår och ingår i den sociala interaktionen. I och med det föregår Miget subjekt/objekt distinktionen vilken blir relevant först när interaktionen är en realitet. Den biologiska organismen, kroppen (i interaktion) föregår alltså medvetandet. Miget som kropp och organism betonas i avhandlingen för att tydliggöra den skillnad som föreligger mellan Mig och Jag. Jaget som bild och reflektion är, som vi har sett, något annat än det faktiska agerandet. Sören Kierkegaards skillnad mellan lidelse (det genuina engagemanget) och reflektion (det beräknande och överlagda) - där lidelsen förutsatte det djupaste deltagande och reflektionen distans - har fungerat som en parallell. Jaget är den envisa försanthållaren av den estetiska efterrättelsen, det lidelsefulla deltagandets absoluta motpol, i en mening tomt. Detta behov av att identifiera sig själv som något kan ses som ett sätt att - med formen som utgångspunkt - sträcka sig efter gemenskap men också som ett sätt att hålla livet - innehållet - på avstånd. Den metaforblinde estetikern uppfattar eller erkänner inte representationen som en representation, att Jaget är det representerade Självet och inte Självet. Estetisk efterrättelse utgår från klyftan - mellan Miget och Jaget - i den meningen att skillnaden mellan objektet och bilden av det (eftersträvansvärda) ignoreras. Att legitimera en gestaltning är alltså inte detsamma som att verifiera ett sakläge. Jean-Paul Sartre nämndes som exempel. Som barn tycks han ha likställt sig fullt ut med en generaliserad andre. Sartre var enbart Jag, spegelbilden av andras tankar om honom. Hur vida det var omgivningen, situationerna eller tingen som fordrade estetisk efterrättelse av Sartre är oklart, klart är att det var svårt för honom att inte tillmötesgå kraven eftersom hans eget värde var underordnat dem. Operativsystemet GNU/Linux har fungerat som parallell: operativsystemet GNU/Linux kontra tecknet GNU/Linux. Jag har lyft fram estetisk efterrättelse som en infallsvinkel på normer. Med socialpsykologins perspektiv har jag ringat in problematiken. Symbolmiljön - med sitt språk- och skådespel - har fungerat som en skärningspunkt mellan individ och samhälle, detta föränderliga fokus med sin individuella motsvarighet i förhållandet mellan Jaget - som en generaliserad andre - och Miget, existensen. En symbolmiljö består av gemensamma nämnare vari samma sociala verklighet råder. Värdeomdömen framstår där som objektiva. Att tillägna sig en symbolmiljö - ett förhållningssätt - är ungefär detsamma som att navigera efter ett slags yttre ”kompass”. Den yttre kompassen anger hur vi bör vara, bete oss, vad vi bör leta efter och hur vi bör betrakta det vi ser. Också ramnormsystemet får sin betydelse härigenom. Antingen överensstämmer andra genom sina ting och gester med ens egen symbolmiljö eller också inte. Människan kan rent av sägas stå - och falla - med de associationer hon ger upphov till hos mottagaren. Estetisk efterrättelse är form framför innehåll, en bild uppbyggd av symboler i den meningen att man inte vill associeras med något som man inte också kan identifiera sig med.
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| 10. |
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