| 1. |
- Karlsson-Tuula, Marie, 1961-
(författare)
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Rekonstruktion av företag inom insolvenslagstiftningens ramar : en jämförande studie av svensk och amerikansk insolvensrätt
- 2001
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Insolvency law is the rooth of commercial and financial law because it obliges the legislator to chose. There is not enough money to go round so the law must chose who to pay. The law must always decide who is to bear the risk so there is always a winner and a loser. The insolvency law has been at the policy agenda in many countries in the last years. In France, Germany, Italy, Japan and other countries have the legal frameworks changed from liquidation procedures to reorganization business. The legal situation in Sweden has also changed from compositions to reorganization business, lagen om företagsrekonstruktion. The key issues are to encourage the formal proceeding by enlarging the debtors control of the business and by inroads creditors rights, in which case the proceeding is pro-debtor.This dissertation compares Swedish and American Bankruptcy Codes with respect to similarities and differences at macro- and micro perspectives. Chapter 11 Reorganization Business in America provides a corporate rehabilitation model, which has been used in other countries. The dissertation also compares the use of the concepts of - the purpose, - the function and - the direction of Swedish and American Bankruptcy Laws in order to establish whether the law is pro-debtor or pro-creditor. The key indicators of whether the rescue proceeding is pro-debtor or pro-creditor include; - How easy it is to enter the rescue proceeding. Debtor's incentives to commence proceeding, freeze on executions and liquidation petitions, impact on security, impact on title of finance, impact on set-off and netting, impact on contract rescissions and lease forfeitures. Disclaimer and abandonment, ability to replace the management, financing of the rescue, scope of the rehabilitation plan. It is argued that the optimal bankruptcy law can be achieved if the law purpose, the function and the law direction relate to each other in Sweden, in both reorganization business and in the liquidation code and it also compared with the American Bankruptcy Code. According to my opinion this is important both in a national and international context.The dissertation also deals with debtor's contract in an insolvency situation in reorganization business and in liquidation. Swedish Laws are compared to the American Bankruptcy Code and point out similarities and differences. In the American Bankruptcy Code there is a special section 365 § BC dealing with executory contract, this section is nearly the same for both the reorganization- and liquidationproceedings. The contracts must be unperformed which means the obligation of both the bankrupt and the other party in the contract are so far unperformed that the failure of either to complete performance would constitute a material breach excusing the performance of the other. If the contract is unperformed the debtor has the possibility to chose if the contracts shall be assumed, assumed and assigned or rejected. Section 365 § BC requires the court to consider whether assumption of the contract in question will further be needed in either rehabilitation or liquidation of the bankruptcy estate. The court reviews the financial impact of the estate and if it is benefiting becoming administratively obligated to perform. The court also review if is best to breach the contract. In Sweden we have different sections which regulate the situation. One section in our reorganization law, lagen om företagsrekonstruktion, we also have two special sections in the law of Sale of Goods, which deals with contract when a debtor became insolvent or file for reorganization business. But we don't have any section in our liquidation law, konkurslagstiftningen, which in my opinion is very strange. We also have a problem with the legislation about swaps and netting which are regulated in a special law, lagen om handel med finansiella intrument. Particular attention is given to the advantages and disadvantages of the existing rules in Swedish legal system compared with 365 § in American Bankruptcy Code. From a national point of view such section should preferably include all types of contract in only one section which is nearly the same as the American model of section 365 §.
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| 2. |
- Ullman, Harald
(författare)
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Försäkring och ansvarsfördelning : Om förhållandet mellan försäkring och kommersiella leverans- och entreprenadavtal
- 1999
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis discusses the relationship between risks in commercial supply and construction contracts. on the one hand, and risk coverage via insurance, on the other hand. Despite the close link which, in fact, exists between companies' standard purchase agreements and the insurance they hold, few concrete signs of this can be seen. Most standard agreements in Swedish industry outside the building trade and the transport sector lack provisions requiring insurance to be effected by the parties involved. The thesis analyses the existing combined business insurance from the standpoint of the sale of goods. The examination shows that the parties to a purchase agreement who take into account the scope for risk coverage offered by this insurance can select new principles for the division of liability Risks and risk coverage in CAR and EAR contracts are described in the thesis in order to show how a well-developed interaction between risk-taking and insurance cover can be achieved in standard contracts. Different methods of apportioning risk between the parties to a contract are described, followed by a discussion of the links of these methods to insurance. The exclusion of liability in a standard contract can be assessed in the light of the existing insurance cover. The thesis sets out a number of examples of legal practice outside Sweden where an exclusion of liability has been judged to be unreasonable. Contractual provisions about the obligation of a party to effect and make use of insurance has a bearing on the division of liability between the parties. On the other hand, the division of liability agreed by the parties affects their access to insurance cover. An account is finally given of how the division of liability can be implemented through subrogation by the insurer against the party responsible. The examination shows not only that commercial all risks insurance, machinery breakdown insurance and business interruption insurance has an important task to fulfil as a means of covering risks in commercial contracts, but also that the exclusion in liability insurance of pure financial loss is not practical. The parties to an agreement should specify to a greater degree what should be covered by their insurance contracts to avoid the risk of provisions relating to the obligation to effect insurance not having the intended effect. The limitation of liability exposure by a party through the use of exclusions of liability in a supply contract has proved to have littleeffect on the cost of insurance cover. On the other hand, increased risks in a contract can affect the cost of the insurance cover. In conclusion, a description is given of how a new kid of all risks insurance could cover certain important losses relating to the sale of goods and that the liability insurance should also be extended to provide for the basic coverage required. Greatly improved interaction between purchase risks and insurance is desirable. Such an interaction presupposes the development by the insurance companies of new and greatly simplified insurances.
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| 3. |
- Hallengren, Anders, 1950-
(författare)
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The code of Concord : Emerson's search for universal laws
- 1994. - 1
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this work is to detect a pattern: the concordance of Ethics and Aesthetics, Poetics and Politics in the most influential American thinker of the nineteenth century. It is an attempt to trace a basic concept of the Emersonian transcendentalist doctrine, its development, its philosophical meaning and practical implications. Emerson’s thought is analyzed genetically in search of the generating paradigm, or the set of axioms from which his aesthetic ideas as well as his political reasoning are derived. Such a basic structure, or point of convergence, is sought in the emergence of Emerson’s idea of universal laws that repeat themselves on all levels of reality.A general introduction is given in Part One, where the crisis in Emerson’s life is seen as representing and foreshadowing the deeper existential crisis of modern man.In Part 2 we follow the increasingly skeptical theologian’s turn to science, where he tries to secure a safe secular foundation for ethical good and right and to solve the problem of evil.Part 3 shows how Emerson’s conception of the laws of nature and ethics is applied in his political philosophy.In Part 4, Emerson’s ideas of the arts are seen as corresponding to his views of nature, morality, and individuality.Finally, in Part 5, the ancient and classical nature of Concord philosophy is brought into focus.The book concludes with a short summary.
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| 4. |
- Englund, Oskar, 1982
(författare)
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On Sustainability of Biomass for Energy and the Governance Thereof
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Due to concerns about climate change, energy security, and resource scarcity, non- renewable resources are increasingly being displaced by biomass. As with most human activities, the production of biobased products can be associated with negative impacts. Primarily, this relates to the biomass supply systems, i.e., agriculture and forestry, which currently are major causes of biodiversity loss and degradation of ecosystem services. Developing sustainable production systems when transitioning from non-renewable resources to biomass is imperative. This thesis aims to clarify the meaning of sustainability in the context of biomass for bioenergy, and contribute to our understanding of how different forms of governance can promote sustainably sourced biomass for bioenergy. The thesis is based on five appended papers: Paper I analyses to what extent, where, and under what conditions oil palm for biodiesel in Brazil can be produced profitably, and what risks and opportunities that can be associated with introducing large-scale oil palm production in Brazil. Paper II lays the foundation for understanding how new biomass production can be introduced into landscapes while supporting rather than compromising the ability of the landscape to supply other ecosystem services. Paper III describes different forms of governance and shows how these can play different roles in promoting sustainable bioenergy in different countries. Paper IV focuses on how short rotation coppice production systems are affected by EU policy and how different governance forms can assist in adapting production systems to conform to the corresponding sustainability requirements. Finally, Paper V assesses how sustainability certification (private governance) addresses biodiversity conservation and contributes to our understanding of possible improvements.
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| 5. |
- Börrefors, Johanna, 1973-
(författare)
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En essä om estetisk efterrättelse
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Meads centrala påstående var att medvetandet uppstår mellan människor. Det individuella subjektet framträder därmed som en effekt. Jag har lyft fram det faktum att Miget - agenten snarare än subjektet - föregår och ingår i den sociala interaktionen. I och med det föregår Miget subjekt/objekt distinktionen vilken blir relevant först när interaktionen är en realitet. Den biologiska organismen, kroppen (i interaktion) föregår alltså medvetandet. Miget som kropp och organism betonas i avhandlingen för att tydliggöra den skillnad som föreligger mellan Mig och Jag. Jaget som bild och reflektion är, som vi har sett, något annat än det faktiska agerandet. Sören Kierkegaards skillnad mellan lidelse (det genuina engagemanget) och reflektion (det beräknande och överlagda) - där lidelsen förutsatte det djupaste deltagande och reflektionen distans - har fungerat som en parallell. Jaget är den envisa försanthållaren av den estetiska efterrättelsen, det lidelsefulla deltagandets absoluta motpol, i en mening tomt. Detta behov av att identifiera sig själv som något kan ses som ett sätt att - med formen som utgångspunkt - sträcka sig efter gemenskap men också som ett sätt att hålla livet - innehållet - på avstånd. Den metaforblinde estetikern uppfattar eller erkänner inte representationen som en representation, att Jaget är det representerade Självet och inte Självet. Estetisk efterrättelse utgår från klyftan - mellan Miget och Jaget - i den meningen att skillnaden mellan objektet och bilden av det (eftersträvansvärda) ignoreras. Att legitimera en gestaltning är alltså inte detsamma som att verifiera ett sakläge. Jean-Paul Sartre nämndes som exempel. Som barn tycks han ha likställt sig fullt ut med en generaliserad andre. Sartre var enbart Jag, spegelbilden av andras tankar om honom. Hur vida det var omgivningen, situationerna eller tingen som fordrade estetisk efterrättelse av Sartre är oklart, klart är att det var svårt för honom att inte tillmötesgå kraven eftersom hans eget värde var underordnat dem. Operativsystemet GNU/Linux har fungerat som parallell: operativsystemet GNU/Linux kontra tecknet GNU/Linux. Jag har lyft fram estetisk efterrättelse som en infallsvinkel på normer. Med socialpsykologins perspektiv har jag ringat in problematiken. Symbolmiljön - med sitt språk- och skådespel - har fungerat som en skärningspunkt mellan individ och samhälle, detta föränderliga fokus med sin individuella motsvarighet i förhållandet mellan Jaget - som en generaliserad andre - och Miget, existensen. En symbolmiljö består av gemensamma nämnare vari samma sociala verklighet råder. Värdeomdömen framstår där som objektiva. Att tillägna sig en symbolmiljö - ett förhållningssätt - är ungefär detsamma som att navigera efter ett slags yttre ”kompass”. Den yttre kompassen anger hur vi bör vara, bete oss, vad vi bör leta efter och hur vi bör betrakta det vi ser. Också ramnormsystemet får sin betydelse härigenom. Antingen överensstämmer andra genom sina ting och gester med ens egen symbolmiljö eller också inte. Människan kan rent av sägas stå - och falla - med de associationer hon ger upphov till hos mottagaren. Estetisk efterrättelse är form framför innehåll, en bild uppbyggd av symboler i den meningen att man inte vill associeras med något som man inte också kan identifiera sig med.
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| 9. |
- Vargas Falla, Ana Maria
(författare)
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Outside the Law : An Ethnographic Study of Street Vendors in Bogotá
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Millions of people worldwide work outside the law as street vendors in order to earn a living. However, they often work in fear of police evictions and confiscations since their work is in many places considered illegal. In this context, formalization (steps towards legalization) is often portrayed as a model for empowerment that allows poor street vendors to improve their well-being. Formalization, as a model to manage street vending, is widely promoted by various international development organizations. While important, studies of formalization show that street vendors often resist state control, and the majority continues to work outside the law.The main research question guiding this study is: how does formalization of street vendors in Bogotá enable and/or hinder their well-being? To examine this question, this study uses an ethnographic approach and the concept of social control within the tradition of sociology of law. The data for this study was collected through ethnographic fieldwork conducted between 2012 and 2014 in the city of Bogotá, Colombia. Three groups were studied: vendors within the transitional zones (a formalization program), two rickshaw driver associations, and itinerant ice cream vendors. The main findings illustrate that although street vendors work outside the law, they do not operate in a state of chaos or anarchy. Quite the opposite, law and other forms of social control are present in their work. These practices of control often affect their well-being. Despite harsh working conditions, well-being according to them means more than economic survival, and often, street vendors strive to improve their lives and gain independence in their work. Another finding is that formalization is often directed toward the more established vendors and does not account for the fact that new individuals arrive on the streets every day trying to make a living. Often, the most vulnerable groups (immigrants, women, the newly unemployed) lack the time and knowledge to formalize or simply are not targeted in formalization programs. Without a deep understanding of how social control already operates, the state runs the risk of developing formalization initiatives that undermine the well-being of the most vulnerable groups. Thus, this study of everyday forms of social control provides empirically based insights into the ways law influences the lives of those working outside the law.
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| 10. |
- Jers, Johanna, 1983-
(författare)
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Ett gemensamt styrelserum : rättsliga förutsättningar för att åstadkomma en jämn könsfördelning genom kvotering
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many countries have set political goals in order to achieve an equal gender balance on company boards. A common intervention to reach these goals is the introduction of mandatory quota rules. The overall purpose of this doctoral thesis is to study legal obstacles and legal possibilities that arise in the conflict of interest between gender equality and autonomy for corporations [Gesellschaftautonomie], when a Member State such as Sweden adopts a mandatory quota rule to achieve an equal gender balance on boards of companies listed on the stock market [aktiemarknadsbolag].The study analyses different types of regulatory models – legislation and corporate self-regulation – based on mandatory quota rules. First, the study addresses if a limitation of constitutional rights such as the protection of property and non-discrimination can be constitutionally permissible in this context. Second, the study examines legal support within EU law for a Member State such as Sweden to introduce mandatory quota rules to achieve an equal gender balance on boards of companies listed on the stock market. Measures undertaken to effectuate such a limitation need to be rationally connected to and necessary to the fulfilment of a permissible purpose to be legally justifiable. Third, therefore, the study explores whether a mandatory quota rule in order to achieve an equal gender balance on the boards of companies listed on the Swedish stock market can be justified. Fourth and finally, it is analysed whether such measures can be effectuated while still upholding the general principles of corporate law.Findings include that the effect of a quota rule would, in the Swedish context, probably be the same regardless of whether legislation or corporate self-regulation would be relied upon as the mechanism to achieve an equal gender balance on company boards. However, a regulatory model introduced by the stock market’s regulators in the listing agreement would probably not meet as much critique as a state-initiated regulatory model.
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