| 1. |
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Blurring the Lines: Market-Driven and Democracy-Driven Freedom of Expression
- 2016
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Blurring the Lines: Market-Driven and Democracy-Driven Freedom of Expression focuses on challenges from the market to free speech and how free speech can be protected, promoted and developed when lines between journalism and advertising are blurred. With contributions from 20 scholars in law, media studies and philosophy, it explores an issue deserving greater attention, market pressures on freedom of expression. The role of commercial constraints on speech, restrictions and control of media content and the responsibility of state institutions in protecting free speech are some of the topics scrutinized from a democratic free speech perspective. (Print and OA) CONTENT: Preface Eva-Maria Svensson, Andrew T. Kenyon, Maria Edström: Introduction: Rethinking Freedom of Expression and Media Freedom. Ulla Carlsson: Opening speech: Freedom of Expression in Transition. A Media Perspective I. FREE SPEECH, THE STATE AND TENSIONS Andrew T. Kenyon:Who, What, Why and How. Questions for Positive Free Speech and Media Systems. Kari Karppinen:Beyond Positive and Negative Conceptions of Free Speech. Hans-Gunnar Axberger: Freedom of Expression as a Public Service. Victor Pickard:Toward a People’s Internet. The Fight for Positive Freedoms in an Age of Corporate Libertarianism. Katharine Sarikakis: Europe’s Many Crises and the Confinement of Democracy-Driven Free Speech. John Morison:The Democratic Dynamics of Government Consultations. Speaking Freely and Listening Properly. II. IN BETWEEN ADVERTISING AND JOURNALISM Justin Lewis: The Commercial Constraints on Speech Limit Democratic Debate. Tamara R. Piety: Killing the Golden Goose. Will Blending Advertising and Editorial Content Diminish the Value of Both? Eva-Maria Svensson: Upholding the Division Between Editorial and Commercial Content in Legislation and Self-Regulation. Fredrik Stiernstedt: Blurring the Boundaries in Practice? Economic, Organisational and Regulatory Barriers Against Native Advertising. Maria Edström: Audience Advertising Fatigue and New Alliances to Finance Content in Broadcasting. Bengt Johansson, Stina Bengtsson: On-Line Life in a Commercialised World. The Commodification of Mediated Social Relations. Crystal Abidin, Mart Ots: Influencers Tell All? Unravelling Authenticity and Credibility in a Brand Scandal. III. RESTRICTIONS AND CONTROL OF MEDIA CONTENT Torbjörn von Krogh: “Self-Regulate, or We Will Regulate Your Content”. Are State Threats of Regulation Threats to Freedom of Speech? Marta Martín-Llaguno: Limiting Market-Driven Freedom of Expression by Regulating Sexist Advertising in Spain. An Evaluation of and Some Shadows from the First Decade. David Brax: Hate Speech and the Distribution of the Costs and Benefits of Freedom of Speech. Magnus Hoem Iversen:Breaking the Ban. The Use of Televised Political Advertising in Norway.
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| 2. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960
(författare)
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The Swedish paradox of gender equality and the media.
- 2019
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Ingår i: The EU Mutual Learning Programme in Gender Equality, Women in the Media, France 12-13 November 2018. - Bryssel.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This comment paper on gender and media in Sweden was written in the context of The EU Mutual Learning Programme in Gender Equality, Women in the Media, Paris 12-13 November 2018. Besides the host country France, government representatives and independent experts from further 17 EU Member States participated in the event. The key focuses of the seminar were recent laws, policies and good practices of the French government and other stakeholders that address persistent under-representation and discrimination against women in all media professions, and the broader issue of gender stereotypes in media content, sexism, and sexist abuse. The French government has taken a transversal and pro-active approach across the relevant Ministries. The Swedish paper present recent developments in Sweden and explains why gender equality in the media is a matter of expanding freedom of expression. It also calls for the collection of comparable and consistent sex-disaggregated data about the media – otherwise, it is impossible to know if there is progress. it also suggests that media issues are promoted in global agendas. The publication is supported by the European Union Rights, Equality and Citizenship Programme (2014-2020).
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| 3. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960
(författare)
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Is There a Nordic Way? A Swedish perspective on Achievements and Problems with Gender Equality in Newsrooms
- 2012
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Ingår i: Medijske Studije/Media Studies. - 1847-9758. ; 2011:2 (3-4), s. 64-75
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the last decades several achievements have emerged in Nordic state societies concerning gender equality, particularly with regard to political representation, salaries, and shared parental leave. In most newsrooms one may find a near equal distribution of women and men working alongside one another. Additionally, in the larger newsrooms of Sweden, there is a gender balance at the managerial level. Yet in terms of news content, women remain a minority. By using qualitative and quantitative data from two projects, The Global Media Monitoring Project and The Global Status of Women in the News Media, this article assesses some of the challenges and best practice solutions for gender equality in Scandinavian newsrooms. The major gender discrepancies between newsrooms can often be explained by the level of gender awareness at the societal-level. Further, capable leadership, policies, and gender monitoring seem to benefit a gender balance in the news. National legislation on parental leave and discrimination, additionally, appear to play a key role in creating gender equality in the newsroom.
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| 4. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960
(författare)
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Visibility patterns of gendered ageism in the media buzz: a study of the representation of gender and age over three decades
- 2018
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Ingår i: Feminist Media Studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1468-0777 .- 1471-5902. ; 18:1, s. 77-93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mainstream media provides a constant flow of visual images of men and women, whether it is via newscasts, billboards, magazines, or television. In media research, these different media types are usually investigated separately. The aim of this study is to analyse the accumulated gender representation of all images that we passively or actively take part in, here defined as “the media buzz.” To capture the representation of gender and age in the media buzz, this study focuses on images from one day in the most circulated media within Sweden: news, feature stories, fiction, and advertising. The empirical data is drawn from three different decades—1994, 2004, and 2014. Overall, the study indicates there to be a general male/female balance in terms of numbers. However, when turning older, both men and women become almost invisible, even though older men are more visible than older women. Older persons rarely reach the news and they are more likely to be found in advertising and feature material. The work presented here suggests that the structures of visibility and the clusters of gender-age representation in the media foster stereotyping. The media buzz not only contributes to ageism, but is also still distinctly gendered.
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| 5. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960
(författare)
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Äldre osynliga i mediernas värld
- 2017
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Ingår i: Tidningen Äldreomsorg. - 1403-7025. ; :5
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Det senaste året har jag ägnat en del av min forskartid till att gå igenom studier om äldre och medier. Det är ingen rolig historia. Detta eftersom medierna helt verkar ha missat att i Sverige såväl som i andra länder blir befolkningen allt äldre och friskare. Någonstans efter 50-årsåldern slutar deras intresse. Efter arbetslivet är du helt passé – om du inte är välbärgad pensionär: Då tillhör du den ”grå marknaden” och resebolagen och andra annonsörer vill locka dig att konsumera. Varför inte bestiga Kilimanjaro, lära dig surfa eller unna dig en lyxig vinresa till Frankrike? Mer adekvat hade kanske varit att ge tips på hur du gör din egen lingonsylt och njuter av vardagens glädjeämnen i en närliggande park – åtminstone om man ser till vilket ekonomiskt handlingsutrymme majoriteten av svenska pensionärer har.
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| 6. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960
(författare)
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"Huka er gubbar- här kommer Willy Maria!"- konsumentjournalisten som gick sin egen väg
- 2011
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Ingår i: Presshistorisk årsbok 2011. - Vällingby, Stockholm : Svensk presshistorisk Förening. ; , s. 201-216
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Artikeln handlar om konsumentjournalisten Willy Maria Lundberg (1909-2004) som på 1960-talet ansågs tillhöra en av de absoluta makthavarna i Sverige. På äldre dar skapade hon Träslottet på en hälsingegård utanför Arbrå.
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| 7. |
- Svensson, Eva-Maria, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Freedom of expression vs. Gender equality – conflicting values when regulating gender stereotypes in advertising
- 2014
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Ingår i: Tidsskrift for Rettsvitenskap. - 0040-7143. ; 127:5/2014, s. 479-511
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The persistence of negative gender stereotypes, even in more gender-equal and progressive Scandinavian countries, has been pointed out as an obstacle to the achievement of gender equality. Gender equality is a fundamental condition for the full enjoyment of human rights by women and men, and the promotion of gender equality is a worldwide obligation. According to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), gender stereotypes are considered a form of discrimination against women that States parties must take all appropriate measures, including legislation, to modify. This article focuses on legal and political measures undertaken (or not undertaken) by States parties on gender stereotypes in advertisements. So far, many States parties have been reluctant to legislate against gender stereotypes in advertising, referring to freedom of expression as an obstacle. Instead they prefer self-regulation, even though such efforts may be questioned in terms of efficiency. Sweden is used as the case, of specific relevance due to its explicit commitment to both freedom of expression and gender equality.
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| 8. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960
(författare)
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Agents of Change - Journalists with Aging Competence
- 2019
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Ingår i: IAGG-ER Conference 2019 May 23-25..
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Objectives: So far, the main pattern of aging in mainstream media is the absence of older people – or/and stereotyped images. Journalists play an important part in shaping public opinion about aging and older people. In that sense, they could both re-enforce or challenge stereotypes. Some journalists do have inclusive strategies and manage to interview older people in a non-stereotypical way and produce journalism on aging that reaches a large audience. The aim of this study is to investigate journalist strategies that avoid the stereotyped portrayal of older people. Theories and methods: The Capabilities Approach elaborated by philosopher Martha Nussbaum and theories on Journalism Ethics are the two main theories applied in this study. Nussbaum emphasizes institutional responsibility to guarantee citizens’ freedoms, in this case, the media is regarded as an institution. The empirical material consists of interviews with public service broadcasting journalists in Sweden who has dedicated their time to make television programs and tell stories about older people. The focus is on what strategies, experiences, and ethical skills they consider to be needed when including older persons, especially frail older persons. Results: The journalists interviewed all see a problem with the tendency of media professionals to consider older people as one homogenous group instead of looking at the variation within the group and the individual life stories. They are also concerned with the stereotyped images of older persons, some of them even consider it to be part of their public service mission to break those stereotypes. The journalists worked closely with aging researchers to improve their professional interview skills in order to handle more challenging situations such as talking to frail older persons. Conclusions: The main contribution of this study is the development of the concept of aging competence among journalists. Journalists with aging competence can be seen as possible agents of change to counter ageism.
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| 9. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960
(författare)
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Many jobs available but students being pointed the wrong way ... Long Tail theory demonstrates that journalism schools fail to prepare graduates for market reality employment.
- 2010
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Ingår i: World Journalism Education Congress 2010, Sydafrika.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper identifies and discusses serious flaws in established and continuing approaches to journalism education and graduate work placement in Australia, the United States and Sweden. This study strongly suggests that university journalism schools which direct their students to corporate Big Media for employment, without fully apprising them of other journalism opportunities, serve those students badly in both the short and long terms. Using a triangulated methodology of broad-spectrum data analysis, case studies and targeted interviews, the paper demonstrates that the so-called Long-Tail of small-to-medium-sized journalism enterprises in the three sampled regions offers a greater number of employment opportunities for graduates and mid-career professionals alike, as well as measurably more secure employment. These results appear to be robust in a variety of environments, from the free-market, competitive US, to the mixed-market of publicly funded and competitive publications evident in Australia, and further to the recognisably Socialist, subsidized market of Sweden, where government subsidies for newspapers alone reaches €56 million annually. Sweden is not alone in this practice: newspaper subsidies are evident in all Nordic countries as well as in Austria and Germany. Implications are discussed for changes to curricula and approaches.
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| 10. |
- Edström, Maria, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Streaming - The Fourth Phase of Public Service Television
- 2008
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Ingår i: Nordic Media in Theory and Practice, UCL London, 7-8 November 2008.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The paper explores the changing user habits that are emerging due to new technologies. It also examines the strategies from the public service bradcaster SVT (Sveriges Television) to reach new audiences.
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