| 1. |
- Christodoulou, Anastasia, et al.
(författare)
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Targeting the reduction of shipping emissions to air: A global review and taxonomy of policies, incentives and measures
- 2019
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Ingår i: Maritime Business Review. - 2397-3757. ; 4:1, s. 16-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify and classify the various initiatives developed and implemented across the globe for the abatement of maritime air emissions. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, an extensive survey of various sources was conducted, including the official reports of international and regional institutions, government policy documents, port authority websites, classification society pages, private firms’ sites and the academic literature. The initiatives were then categorized in accordance with the classification of the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and analyzed using the SPSS Statistics software to give some insight into their frequencies and the interrelationships between them. Findings – This exploratory review resulted in the establishment of a comprehensive global database of initiatives encouraged by the whole range of shipping stakeholders and decision-makers for the reduction of shipping air emissions. According to the findings, economic incentives that provide motivation for the adoption of less environmentally damaging practices are the most commonly used initiative, followed by infrastructure investments and informative policies. Research limitations/implications – The results provide implications for further research that include an in-depth analysis of ports’ policies, as well as an evaluation of initiatives applied on a large scale to map their emissions reduction potential for shipping. Originality/value – The main contribution of this paper is the identification and analysis of all the diverse initiatives implemented globally in a comprehensive way and its dealing with air pollution from shipping as a whole.
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| 2. |
- Lindé, Tobias, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating the effects of Sweden's environmentally differentiated fairway dues
- 2019
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part D. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 1361-9209 .- 1879-2340. ; 70, s. 77-93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evaluation of a globally unique system of environmentally differentiated fairway dues.The evolution of the system and its effects are analyzed.Emissions reductions achieved and associated abatement costs are estimated.Costs and benefits for society are compared.Abatement costs for both SOx and NOx substantially lower than value to society.
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| 3. |
- Vierth, Inge, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating the external costs of a modal shift from rail to sea : An application to Sweden's East coast container movements
- 2019
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Ingår i: European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research. - : EDITORIAL BOARD EJTIR. - 1567-7133 .- 1567-7141. ; 19:1, s. 60-76
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study analyzes the comparative level of social and external costs if an existing transport chain is replaced by one that includes a greater use of shipping. The main objective of the paper is to assess, on the basis of changes in social and external cost, the potential effectiveness of policies which aim to promote a modal shift to shipping. The social and external costs of both options are evaluated, therefore, using both Sweden's national guidelines for cost-benefit analysis and the European guidelines. A secondary objective of the paper is to evaluate the sensitivity of outcomes to the methodology applied and the input values employed, as well as to identify the relative strengths and weaknesses of these two CBA methodologies when applied to choices involving a shipping mode, The paper concludes that evaluation outcomes are highly sensitive to the choice of CBA methodology and the input values embedded therein. In addition, a number of shortcomings with the guidelines are identified, the most important of which are the need to: (1) have specific values for air pollution from ships; (2) incorporate a system for continuous updates of emission factors, given that vessel speeds vary over time and; (3) incorporate values for water pollution and its effects on the coast and sea bottom. For the Swedish guidelines specifically, there is a need to encompass a value for the scarcity of rail capacity.
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| 4. |
- Vierth, Inge, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating the external costs of trailer transport : a comparison of sea and road
- 2019
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Ingår i: Maritime Economics & Logistics. - : Palgrave Macmillan. - 1479-2931 .- 1479-294X. ; 21:1, s. 61-78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study is to deduce the comparative level of external costs per transported trailer within a context where an existing freight transport chain is replaced by one that includes greater use of shipping. Using both Sweden’s national guidelines for cost–benefit analysis (ASEK) and the European guidelines (Ricardo), the external costs of two alternative options are evaluated. The external costs for a road and shipping option are estimated to be lower than for the direct shipping option under Swedish guidelines, but higher under the European guidelines. However, the results favour the road and shipping option in preference to the direct shipping option under both Swedish and European guidelines when internalizing taxes and fees are accounted for. This is the case even where the shipping mode is compliant with the most stringent environmental regulations. The paper concludes that the evaluation system employed can have a fundamental impact on the outcome of a CBA and that the Swedish guidelines (ASEK) could by improved by incorporating specific values for air pollution from ships (particularly NOx emissions) and a system for regularly updating emission factors.
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| 5. |
- Vierth, Inge, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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How to achieve less emissions from freight transport in Sweden
- 2019
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Ingår i: Maritime Business Review. - 2397-3757. ; 4:1, s. 4-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For the case of Sweden, this paper aims to determine how a range of different infrastructure fees and taxes influences modal split, port throughputs, air emissions, societal costs of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and air pollution, as well as logistics costs.The Swedish national freight model is used to simulate a range of different proposed infrastructure fees, one by one and in combination. The volume of emissions of CO2-equivalents, NOx, SOx and PM under the different scenarios is calculated in both volume and monetary terms, by applying national emission factors and EU values for external costs.Road user fees are calculated to have the largest impact on the modal split, GHG emissions and air pollution. The impact increases slightly when road user fees are combined with higher fees for sea and rail and/or gate fees in all Swedish ports. The imposition of gate fees over €30 per truck in all ports leads to shifts in cargo to land-based modes and to ports outside Sweden. The logistics costs in Sweden are found to be three to ten times higher than the benefits of reduced GHG emissions and air pollution, although other benefits to society need to be considered as well.The results can be used as basis for policy-making. They illustrate the environmental impacts of the fees and taxes one by one and in combination and to what extent these reinforce each other and should be co-ordinated.The outcomes are relevant to national and international policymakers and authorities, as well as port authorities, shippers and transport companies who need to determine unilateral strategies on how to reduce GHG emissions and air pollution, without undermining their wider business objectives.
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| 6. |
- Alm, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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Capacity in municipalities : Infrastructures, maintenance debts and ways of overcoming a run-to-failure mentality
- 2021
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Ingår i: Local Economy. - : SAGE Publications. - 0269-0942 .- 1470-9325. ; 36:2, s. 81-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a growing maintenance debt of ageing and critical infrastructures in many municipalities in European welfare states. In this article, we use the multidimensional concept of local capacity as a point of departure to analyse how and in what ways Swedish municipalities work with the routine maintenance of infrastructures, including municipal road networks as well as water and sewage systems. For the road networks, maintenance is generally outsourced to contractors and there is also a large degree of tolerance for various standards on different road segments within and between the municipalities. Less used road segments are not as prioritised as those with heavy traffic. For the water and sewage systems, in-house technical capacity is needed as differences in water quality are not tolerated. Economies of scale mean that in-house capacity is translated into the creation of inter-municipal bodies. As different forms of capacities tend to reinforce each other, municipal capacity builds up over time in circular movements. These results add knowledge to current research by pointing to the ways municipalities are overcoming a run-to-failure mentality by building capacity to pay off the infrastructural maintenance debt.
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| 7. |
- Svensson, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
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Kollektivtrafik som verktyg för regional utveckling : en kunskapsöversikt
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med rapporten är att förbättra kunskaps- och beslutsunderlag för en effektivare användning av kollektivtrafiken som utvecklingsverktyg. Uppdraget baseras på kollektivtrafikrelaterad ekonomisk forskning med fokus på lokal och regional utveckling. Kunskapsöversikten utgår i första hand från forskning om kollektivtrafikens samhällsekonomi och planeringsmässiga dimensioner.Forskningsresultaten har valts ut med utgångspunkt från det ökade behovet av kunskapsunderlag och planeringsmodeller för integrerade regionala och lokala kollektivtrafiksystem. Vi har tolkat uppdraget utifrån de framväxande regionernas behov av tydligare strategier för hur kollektivtrafiken kan användas som verktyg för regional utveckling. Kollektivtrafiken kan kopplas till drivkrafter för den ekonomiska utvecklingen vad gäller transportmöjligheter, mobilitet och tillgänglighet generellt, men också mer direkt till de egenskaper som kollektivtrafiken har i jämförelse med övriga färdmedel. Kollektivtrafiken har hög kapacitet och ett begränsat ytanspråk vilket gör att den kan användas för att åstadkomma kluster med agglomerationsfördelar och för att realisera skalekonomier och gynnsamma produktionsförutsättningar för den växande tjänstesektorn. Det är vår uppfattning att det behövs en betydligt starkare strategisk dimension i planeringen av kollektivtrafiken. Det avgörande är inriktningen för trafiken och hur kollektivtrafiken ska användas som verktyg för regionens utveckling. I planeringen kan flera olika förändringar/kvalitetsnivåer utvärderas och perspektivet måste vara bredare än att enbart fokusera på investeringar. Av diskussionen i rapporten följer att den rumsliga dimensionen blir alltmer betydelsefull för den ekonomiska utvecklingen. Konsekvenser för stads- och tätortsutveckling, regionala sammanhang och hur markanvändning och transportsystem samverkar bör lyftas in i planeringens centrum. Oavsett nivån i resurstilldelningen till kollektivtrafiken är det angeläget att de resurser som förbrukas gör största möjliga nytta. Om det är positiva konsekvenser för en hållbar ekonomisk utveckling som prioriteras, bör planeringen ställas om i den riktning som diskuteras i rapporten.
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| 8. |
- Camén, Carolina, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Flexibility in contract design - is that possible?
- 2020
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Ingår i: Research in Transportation Economics. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 0739-8859 .- 1875-7979. ; 83
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Public procurement is widely used in order to incorporate competition into public services. Competition in procurement often leads to efficiency but the process can also raise some problems. While providing the procurement documents you do not know who will be your upcoming partner. Another aspect is how flexibility can be managed in contract design while maintaining a high service quality. The aim of this study is twofold. Firstly, the aim is to investigate how flexibility has been expressed and historically described in bus tendering documents. Secondly, to explore how the actors define or describe flexibility and its importance in tendering. Data was collected from ten years of tendering documents in the bus sector in Sweden and from interviews and a workshop. The results showed that flexibility in tendering documents has been and still is low for the operators. However, the actors wish for more flexibility and new forms of contracts can make it easier to include higher degrees of flexibility in future contracts. The paper contributes to the ongoing discussion about how to design contracts and to manage flexibility. The study has potential to create knowledge and contribute to better decision making for future procurement of bus transport.
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| 9. |
- Eliasson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Transport Mode and the Value of Accessibility-A Potential Input for Sustainable Investment Analysis
- 2020
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 12:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Accessibility plays an essential role in determining real estate prices and land use. An understanding of how accessibility and changes in accessibility influence real estate prices is key to making decisions regarding investments in infrastructure projects. From an accessibility point of view, it is not clear that there should be differences in valuation depending on the mode of public transport, road, or rail. There are, however, other differences that may affect real estate prices differently. For example, railway stations more often than bus stations, tend to be associated with a higher level of service. In addition, an investment in a railway station may signal a long-term decision from the policymaker. A third possible explanation concerns differences in perceived safety, comfort, and security. This paper aims to study if and how capitalization of accessibility differs between modes of transportation. The findings indicate that rail has a higher impact, both for single-family and multifamily houses. The implication of these findings may be of importance for future infrastructure investments and their corresponding cost-benefit analyses. Incorrect valuations of the benefits of infrastructure investments may result in sub-optimal investments.
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| 10. |
- Lorenzo Varela, Juan Manuel, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Capturing generalised cost differences between public transport modes in Stockholm
- 2016
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Decision makers in many European countries seem to prefer rail over bus services, claiming that travellers prefer services operating on tracks, the preference is referred to as a “rail factor”. This assumption is to some extent supported by Eliasson’s (2016) finding that accessibility by metro increases the property prices of apartments in Stockholm more than accessibility by bus. Nevertheless, common large-scale transport models struggle to capture these effects.In this paper we show how state-of-practice large-scale models can be enhanced to capture these nuances by modelling public transport modes as different alternatives. Results suggest that differences among public transport alternatives are strongly linked to unobserved attributes. Surprisingly, we found no statistical evidence that differences are proportional to the in-vehicle time, suggesting that in-vehicle characteristics of public transport modes, such us comfort, are perceived as similar by the users. We also found that the value of time is higher for auxiliary modes than for the main mode, and that the unobserved preference for metro is highest and the preference for light rail lowest. These are empirical findings for the transport system of Stockholm, and whether these findings can be generalised to other cities is an empirical matter. However, the methodology developed in the present paper provides the possibility to investigate these issues further.
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