| 1. |
- Karyotaki, Eirini, et al.
(författare)
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Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression : A Systematic Review and Individual Patient Data Network Meta-analysis
- 2021
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Ingår i: JAMA psychiatry. - : American Medical Association. - 2168-6238 .- 2168-622X. ; 78:4, s. 361-371
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- IMPORTANCE: Personalized treatment choices would increase the effectiveness of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) for depression to the extent that patients differ in interventions that better suit them.OBJECTIVE: To provide personalized estimates of short-term and long-term relative efficacy of guided and unguided iCBT for depression using patient-level information.DATA SOURCES: We searched PubMed, Embase, PsycInfo, and Cochrane Library to identify randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published up to January 1, 2019.STUDY SELECTION: Eligible RCTs were those comparing guided or unguided iCBT against each other or against any control intervention in individuals with depression. Available individual patient data (IPD) was collected from all eligible studies. Depression symptom severity was assessed after treatment, 6 months, and 12 months after randomization.DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: We conducted a systematic review and IPD network meta-analysis and estimated relative treatment effect sizes across different patient characteristics through IPD network meta-regression.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scores.RESULTS: Of 42 eligible RCTs, 39 studies comprising 9751 participants with depression contributed IPD to the IPD network meta-analysis, of which 8107 IPD were synthesized. Overall, both guided and unguided iCBT were associated with more effectiveness as measured by PHQ-9 scores than control treatments over the short term and the long term. Guided iCBT was associated with more effectiveness than unguided iCBT (mean difference [MD] in posttreatment PHQ-9 scores, -0.8; 95% CI, -1.4 to -0.2), but we found no evidence of a difference at 6 or 12 months following randomization. Baseline depression was found to be the most important modifier of the relative association for efficacy of guided vs unguided iCBT. Differences between unguided and guided iCBT in people with baseline symptoms of subthreshold depression (PHQ-9 scores 5-9) were small, while guided iCBT was associated with overall better outcomes in patients with baseline PHQ-9 greater than 9.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this network meta-analysis with IPD, guided iCBT was associated with more effectiveness than unguided iCBT for individuals with depression, benefits were more substantial in individuals with moderate to severe depression. Unguided iCBT was associated with similar effectiveness among individuals with symptoms of mild/subthreshold depression. Personalized treatment selection is entirely possible and necessary to ensure the best allocation of treatment resources for depression.
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| 2. |
- Näsling, John, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Psychotherapy on Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
- 2024
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Ingår i: Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. - : John Wiley and Sons Ltd. - 1063-3995 .- 1099-0879. ; 31:4
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is the tendency to react negatively on affective, cognitive and behavioural levels to uncertain situations and to harbour negative beliefs about the implications of uncertainty. IU has been linked to psychopathology and shown to impact treatment outcomes. This study systematically reviewed the literature and performed a meta-analysis of the effects of psychotherapy on IU. A total of 22 studies (1491 participants) were identified in online searches and included in the meta-analyses. Analyses were performed on studies with passive and active control conditions. The pooled effect on IU from studies with passive control was large (g = −0.94 [95% CI −1.25 to −0.62]) but with significant heterogeneity. Pooled effects on IU from studies with active controls were not significant. Moderator analysis showed that among studies with a passive control condition, studies that recruited participants from clinical care facilities produced smaller effect sizes. Among studies with an active control condition, study quality significantly moderated the results, with higher quality leading to a larger effect size. These results indicate that changes in IU may be difficult to reliably achieve in psychotherapy and leave many questions about the effect of psychotherapy on IU unanswered, such as what active components produced the observed changes in studies with passive control.
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| 3. |
- Ballesteros, Soledad, et al.
(författare)
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Ageing, cognition, and neuroscience : An introduction
- 2009
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Ingår i: European Journal of Cognitive Psychology. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0954-1446 .- 1464-0635. ; 21:2-3, s. 161-175
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The main goal of this special issue is to report new cognitive data in normal and pathological ageing that are related to neural data at different levels. Ageing is a universal complex process that profoundly affects mind and brain of all individuals. A number of psychological theories and theoretical approaches see ageing as a set of gains and losses. Cognitive research has relied upon behavioural measures of cognitive performance. We summarise briefly the large variety of topics dealt with in the articles that compose this special issue. This is organised in four main domains: (1) processing speed, inhibition, and executive processes in normal and pathological ageing; (2) implicit learning and memory in normal ageing; (3) cognitive flexibility and episodic memory; and (4) processing emotional information in the old age.
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| 4. |
- Fjermestad, Krister W., et al.
(författare)
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Relationship Factors and Outcome in Child Anxiety Treatment Studies
- 2009
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Ingår i: Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry. - : Sage. - 1359-1045 .- 1461-7021. ; 14:2, s. 195-214
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study reviews 19 randomized controlled trials examiningthe association between three relationship factors — participation,treatment involvement, and therapeutic relationship —and outcome of cognitive-behavioral anxiety treatments for childrenand adolescents. In 12 studies, parent participation was consideredas an independent variable compared to child-only participation.In three studies, parental involvement was measured. Child involvementwas measured in one study. The child's perception of the therapeuticrelationship was considered in three studies. Six studies founda significant positive effect of parent participation on diagnosticstatus, symptom level, or global functioning outcome measures.One study found a significant effect of parental involvementon global outcome measures. Another study found a significantpositive association between child involvement and symptom measuresand global functioning measures. No association was found betweenthe quality of the child's perception of the therapeutic relationshipand treatment outcome. Clinical implications are discussed.
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| 5. |
- Hau, Stephan
(författare)
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Klinische und Extra-klinische Traumforschung
- 2012
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Ingår i: Psychoanalyse Aktuell.
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Forskningsöversikt (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Träume haben die Menschheit schon immer fasziniert und es sind zahllose Theorien über deren Sinn und Bedeutung entwickelt worden. Die von Sigmund Freud (1900) zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts veröffentlichte Theorie kann als Wendepunkt hin zu einer wissenschaftlichen Beforschung der Träume angesehen werden. Die psychoanalytische Traumtheorie hat bis heute die aktuellen klinischen Theorien über das Träumen und zu einem gewissen Grad auch die moderne empirische Traumforschung beeinflusst. Die Entdeckung des REM-Schlafes und des Profils typischer Schlafphasen während der Nacht durch Aserinsky und Kleitman (1953) markiert den Beginn der extraklinischen Schlaf- und Traumforschung, die in den letzten 50 Jahren, durchgeführt in zahlreichen Schlaflabors in Europa und den USA, unser Verständnis über den Bewußtseinszustand Traum radikal verändert hat. Neues Wissen über das Träumen und über die Eigenschaften des Traums wurde generiert. Auf diese Forschungen und auf deren wichtigsten Ergebnisse wird weiter unten eingegangen.
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| 6. |
- Kallioinen, Petter, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Semantic processing in children with Cochlear Implants : A review of current N400 studies and recommendations for future research
- 2023
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Ingår i: Biological Psychology. - : Elsevier. - 0301-0511 .- 1873-6246. ; 182
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Deaf and hard of hearing children with cochlear implants (CI) often display impaired spoken language skills. While a large number of studies investigated brain responses to sounds in this population, relatively few focused on semantic processing. Here we summarize and discuss findings in four studies of the N400, a cortical response that reflects semantic processing, in children with CI. A study with auditory target stimuli found N400 effects at delayed latencies at 12 months after implantation, but at 18 and 24 months after implantation effects had typical latencies. In studies with visual target stimuli N400 effects were larger than or similar to controls in children with CI, despite lower semantic abilities. We propose that in children with CI, the observed large N400 effect reflects a stronger reliance on top-down predictions, relative to bottom-up language processing. Recent behavioral studies of children and adults with CI suggest that top-down processing is a common compensatory strategy, but with distinct limitations such as being effortful. A majority of the studies have small sample sizes (N < 20), and only responses to image targets were studied repeatedly in similar paradigms. This precludes strong conclusions. We give suggestions for future research and ways to overcome the scarcity of participants, including extending research to children with conventional hearing aids, an understudied group.
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| 7. |
- Magnusson, David
(författare)
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The Human Being in Society : Psychology as a Scientific Discipline
- 2012
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Ingår i: European Psychologist. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 1016-9040 .- 1878-531X. ; 17:1, s. 21-27
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In everyday language the terms psychology and psychological are used in very different meanings, without a clear definition of what the terms refer to. This article is an attempt to meet the need for clarification of the content and boundaries of psychology as a scientific discipline. This is a prerequisite for real scientific contribution to progress in cross-disciplinary research and to decision making in societal and cultural processes. Applying a holistic – interactionistic view as the frame of reference for planning, implementation, and interpretation of single studies, the target of theoretical and empirical analyses is the human psychobiological and social being in continuous interaction with his/her proximal and distal environment.
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| 8. |
- Olsson, K., et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive Development in Single-Suture Craniosynostosis : A Systematic Review
- 2023
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Ingår i: Developmental Neuropsychology. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 8756-5641 .- 1532-6942. ; 48:5, s. 215-247
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is conflicting evidence whether single-suture craniosynostosis (SSC), is linked to adversities of cognitive development. To assess the evidence for a link between SSC and cognition, a systematic literature search was conducted and eligible studies assessed for inclusion by two independent readers. Forty-eight studies met inclusion criteria. Small to medium but persistent effects on both general and some specific cognitive functions across age bands were found in higher quality studies for SSC overall. There was limited evidence for effects related to surgical correction. Methodologies varied substantially and there was a lack of longitudinal studies using broad assessment batteries.
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| 9. |
- Rasoal, Chato, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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TOWARD A CONCEPTUALIZATION OFETHNOCULTURAL EMPATHY
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 1933-5377. ; 5:1, s. 1-13
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although a number of theoretical frameworks have been developed in previous empathyresearch, the extent to which these frameworks consider cultural and ethnic aspects islimited. This literature study reviews the most influential frameworks of general andethnocultural empathy. The core components of ethnocultural empathy are identified aswell as factors facilitating empathy for persons from other cultures. Most notably, therealization that people in other cultures have similar worries and goals should facilitateethnocultural empathy, in both informal and professional contexts. This analysis canprovide useful insights and tools for practitioners working with patients and clients fromcultures other than their own.
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| 10. |
- Sjöberg, Rickard L, et al.
(författare)
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Children's autobiographical reports about sexual abuse : A narrative review of the research literature
- 2009
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0803-9488 .- 1502-4725. ; 63:6, s. 435-442
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The empirical and theoretical literature on children's autobiographical statements about child sexual abuse and other forms of maltreatment should be of potential importance to all professionals who regularly interview children as part of their professional duties. Aims: To present an introduction to this field. Methods: Narrative review. Results: Preschool children appear to be capable of providing reliable testimony on highly salient personal experiences such as sexual abuse, though a substantial proportion of children may choose not to. However, suggestive interviewing practises, particularly when used with younger children, may elicit false allegations. There is little evidence to suggest that experiences from the preverbal period of life can later be meaningfully reconstructed by means of statements or clinical signs. Conclusions: Use of children as witnesses and informants requires special considerations, knowledge and skills.
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