| 1. |
- Ask, Karl, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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The effects of approach and avoidance states on lie-detection accuracy
- 2017
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Ingår i: 18th General Meeting of the European Association of Social Psychology, Granada, Spain, 5-8 July, 2017.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Three experiments examined perceivers’ lie-detection performance under different self-regulatory states. Overall, participants in approach and avoidance states did not differ in their ability to discriminate between truthful and deceptive messages, but approach participants displayed impaired performance relative to controls.
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| 2. |
- Geurts, Renate, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Interviewing to manage threats: Exploring the effects of interview style on information gain and threateners’ counter-interview strategies
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Threat Assessment and Management. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 2169-4850 .- 2169-4842. ; 5:4, s. 189-204
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is consensus about the importance to engage with, and if possible interview, individuals who threaten to cause harm. However, there exist little research on how to conduct such interviews. This paper contributes with an experimental approach on threat management interviewing. We explored what types of counter-interview strategies threateners employ, and we tested the efficacy of two common interview styles (direct interviewing vs. rapport-based interviewing). Participants (N = 120) were interviewed about a non-violent threat they had made (to press charges against their former employer) and reported what strategies they had used during the interview. No differences were found between the interview protocols for threat management outcomes (i.e., information gain, use of counter-interview strategies, and willingness to discuss or enact the threat). However, the study showed how threateners struck a deliberate balance between proving their stand and disguising implementation details. Critically, individuals with more serious intentions to enact the threat were more inclined to hide information from the interviewer. We argue that it is vital for threat management interviewers to i) understand what behaviors can be expected from the interviewee, and ii) learn about interview methods that can steer these behaviors towards information gain (which is beneficial to threat assessment) and towards de-escalation (which is the purpose of threat management).
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| 3. |
- Häkkänen, Helinä, et al.
(författare)
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Police officers’ views of effective interview tactics: The effects of weight of case evidence and discomfort with ambiguity
- 2009
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. ; 23, s. 468-481
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined the effects of case-specific facts and individual discomfort with ambiguity (DA) on investigators’ beliefs concerning effective interviewing tactics for suspects. Violent crime investigators (n = 30) responded to a questionnaire including the Need for Closure Scale (NFCS) and ratings of the importance of 39 interrogation tactics in two hypothetical interrogations with a homicide suspect, where the evidence consisted of either technical evidence or soft information. Twenty tactics were analysed with a multidimensional scaling procedure which confirmed two discrete interviewing themes: humane and dominant. More tactics, both dominant and humane, were rated as important if the evidence was soft compared with technical. In the soft evidence condition, investigators who were high on DA rated both types of tactics as more important than did low-DA investigators. In the technical evidence condition, no such difference emerged.
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| 4. |
- Jaffé, Mariela, et al.
(författare)
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Truth or tale? How construal level and judgment mode affect confidence and accuracy in deception detection
- 2018
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Ingår i: Open Psychology. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 2543-8883. ; 1:1, s. 12-24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research has indicated that individuals typically perform quite poorly in discerning truths from lies, and that confidence in judged veracity is not predictive of objective accuracy. In this experiment, we investigated the joint influence of construal level and judgment mode on detection accuracy and confidence. Participants (N = 161) watched eight videotaped true and false statements while adopting a high or low level of construal, and received instructions to detect the deceptiveness of the statements either before (online judgments) or after (offline judgments) watching the videos. Contrary to our predictions, construal level and judgment mode did not influence detection accuracy independently or interactively. However, low level participants were less confident when making judgments offline as opposed to online, whereas the confidence of high level participants was unaffected by judgment mode. Implications for deception detection research and practice are discussed.
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| 5. |
- Alfredsson, Helen, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Beliefs about intimate partner violence: A survey of the Swedish general public
- 2016
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 57:1, s. 57-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Public interventions are considered to be an important means of preventing intimate partner violence (IPV). What people believe about the nature of IPV is likely to determine their propensity to intervene, but little is known at present about IPV beliefs among the general public. In a survey of 650 Swedish citizens, beliefs about the prevalence and causes of IPV, and viable means of intervention were assessed. Respondents estimated, on average, that IPV occurs in almost one quarter of all intimate relationships in Sweden, and that IPV is particularly prevalent in low-income groups, among non-European immigrants, in suburban areas, and in couples under the age of 50 years. Physical violence was believed to be the most frequent form of abuse in male offender–female victim cases, whereas psychological violence was considered most frequent in other combinations of offender and victim gender. Female respondents estimated a higher prevalence of IPV, attributed less blame to IPV victims, and suggested more means of intervention, than did male respondents. The findings are discussed in relation to empirical prevalence estimates, and implications are proposed.
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| 6. |
- Ask, Karl, 1978
(författare)
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Complainant emotional expressions and perceived credibility: Exploring the role of perceivers’ facial mimicry and empathy
- 2018
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Ingår i: Legal and Criminological Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1355-3259. ; 23:2, s. 252-264
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose This research investigated the roles of perceivers’ facial mimicry and empathy in the emotional victim effect (EVE) – the finding that complainants tend to appear more credible when exhibiting (vs. not exhibiting) negative emotional displays during their statements. Because facial mimicry plays a key role in empathic responding, it was hypothesized that inhibiting and facilitating perceivers’ mimicry would attenuate and amplify the EVE, respectively. Methods Participants (N = 362) in an experiment were instructed to mimic or not to mimic facial expressions (controls received no mimicry instructions) while watching a statement by an emotional or non‐emotional rape complainant. Participants rated the complainant's believability and the extent to which they experienced cognitive and affective empathy. Results The perceived believability of the complainant was not affected by complainant emotions, thus failing to replicate the EVE. However, the inhibition of mimicry unexpectedly reduced the perceived believability of the complainant, apparently by decreasing participants’ cognitive empathy. Conclusions The current findings suggest that mimicry inhibition may increase scepticism in the context of credibility assessment. This has important implications for decision‐making in legal settings and for research on the process of credibility attribution. Moreover, the failure to replicate the EVE adds to the cumulative evidence on the underlying effect size for the phenomenon.
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| 7. |
- Ask, Karl, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Human Lie-Detection Performance: Does Random Assignment versus Self-Selection of Liars and Truth-Tellers Matter?
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 2211-3681 .- 2211-369X. ; 9:1, s. 128-136
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Deception research has been criticized for its common practice of randomly allocating senders to truth-telling and lying conditions. In this study, we directly compared receivers’ lie-detection accuracy when judging randomly assigned versus self-selected truth-tellers and liars. In a trust-game setting, senders were instructed to lie or tell the truth (random assignment; n = 16) or were allowed to choose to lie or tell the truth of their own accord (self-selection; n = 16). In a sample of receivers (N = 200), we tested two alternative hypotheses, predicting opposite effects of random assignment (vs. self-selection) on receivers’ lie-detection accuracy. Accuracy rates did not differ significantly as a function of veracity assignment, failing to support the claim that random assignment of liars and truth-tellers alters the detectability of deception. Equivalence tests indicated that, while a small effect of random assignment cannot be ruled out, moderate (or larger) effect sizes are unlikely.
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| 8. |
- Ask, Karl, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Why emotions matter: A test of stereotype and empathy accounts of the 'emotional victim effect'
- 2009
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Ingår i: 19th Conference of the European Association of Psychology and Law, 2-5 September, Sorrento, Italy.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has been shown repeatedly that rape victims displaying controlled behavior when recounting the crime are judged as less credible than victims displaying negative emotions. Researchers have assumed that this is a result of stereotypes about crime victim reactions, but the actual mechanism has never been tested directly. In this paper, an alternative account is presented, proposing that the advantage of the emotional victim could lie in its ability to invoke stronger empathic-emotional reactions in the observer. The two accounts were pitted against each other in an experiment: Should the stereotype account be correct, then placing the observer under cognitive load would increase the effect of a victim’s emotional display. In contrast, should the empathy account be correct, then cognitive load would reduce the effect. One hundred eighty-nine police trainees watched a videotaped statement of an actress portraying a rape victim. The victim’s emotional display (emotional vs. neutral) and observers’ cognitive load while watching the statement (additional memory task vs. no memory task) were manipulated. Results showed that the emotional victim was believed more than the neutral victim, and that the effect was stronger under cognitive load. In addition, the effect was fully mediated by the match between the woman’s actual behavior and observers’ expectations. No evidence for a meditational role of observers’ own emotional reactions was found. In sum, the study provides empirical support for the traditional stereotype account, and has clear practical implications, showing that cognitive load increases the risk of attributional errors in judgments of victim credibility.
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| 9. |
- Fahsing, Ivar, et al.
(författare)
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The making of an expert detective: The role of experience in English and Norwegian police officers’ investigative decision making
- 2016
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Ingår i: Psychology, Crime and Law. - 1068-316X. ; 22:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biased decision-making in criminal investigations can impede or arrest the progress of justice. Previous research has not systematically addressed the effects of professional experience on the quality of detectives’ decision-making. Using a quasi-experimental design, this study compared the quality of investigative decisions made by experienced detectives and novice police officers in two countries with markedly different models for the development of investigative expertise (England and Norway). Participants (N = 124) were presented with two semi-fictitious cases and were asked to report all relevant investigative hypotheses and necessary investigative actions in each case. The quality of participants’ responses was gauged against a gold standard established by a panel of senior homicide experts. In the English sample, experienced detectives vastly outperformed novice police officers in the number of reported gold-standard investigative hypotheses and actions. In the Norwegian sample, however, experienced detectives did not perform any better than novices. We argue that English (vs. Norwegian) detectives may benefit more from professional experience due to their Professionalising Investigation Programme and a nationwide accreditation program, requiring them to engage in extensive standardized training, systematic evaluation and synchronized development. In contrast, Norway lacks such requirements. Methodological limitations and implications for police training and accreditation policies are discussed.
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| 10. |
- Marksteiner, Tamara, et al.
(författare)
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'Elasticity' in the processing of criminal evidence: The role of investigators' need for closure
- 2009
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Ingår i: 19th Conference of the European Association of Psychology and Law, 2-5 September, Sorrento, Italy.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Criminal investigators have to balance the motivation to accurately examine their cases (accuracy goal), with the motivation to quickly achieve results and reach conclusions (closure goal). Previous research has shown that investigators are more skeptical towards evidence that disconfirms their prior belief about a case, and more so concerning witness evidence than technical evidence (i.e., an ‘elasticity’ effect; Ask, Rebelius & Granhag, 2008). We hypothesize that it is not the inconsistency with a prior belief, but rather with a closure goal, that makes investigators more skeptical towards exonerating evidence. Hence, investigators who initially believe a target person to be innocent, and subsequently receives a piece of evidence, should judge inconsistent (i.e., incriminating) evidence as more reliable than consistent (i.e., exonerating) evidence. The hypothesis was tested in an experiment following a 2 (Type of evidence: DNA vs. witness) × 2 (Consistency: consistent vs. inconsistent) × 2 (Need for closure: high vs. low) factorial design. Police trainees read background information about a homicide case and about a seemingly innocent person who was questioned by the police, and judged the probability of him being the offender. Later they received consistent or inconsistent evidence and were asked to assess the reliability of the additional evidence. Preliminary results show that, consistent with the hypothesis, participants who received inconsistent (vs. consistent) evidence rated the evidence as more reliable. The effect was stronger in the witness than in the DNA group, indicating a ‘reversed’ elasticity effect, and was more pronounced among persons high in need for closure.
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