| 1. |
- Geurts, Renate, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Interviewing to manage threats: Exploring the effects of interview style on information gain and threateners’ counter-interview strategies
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Threat Assessment and Management. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 2169-4850 .- 2169-4842. ; 5:4, s. 189-204
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is consensus about the importance to engage with, and if possible interview, individuals who threaten to cause harm. However, there exist little research on how to conduct such interviews. This paper contributes with an experimental approach on threat management interviewing. We explored what types of counter-interview strategies threateners employ, and we tested the efficacy of two common interview styles (direct interviewing vs. rapport-based interviewing). Participants (N = 120) were interviewed about a non-violent threat they had made (to press charges against their former employer) and reported what strategies they had used during the interview. No differences were found between the interview protocols for threat management outcomes (i.e., information gain, use of counter-interview strategies, and willingness to discuss or enact the threat). However, the study showed how threateners struck a deliberate balance between proving their stand and disguising implementation details. Critically, individuals with more serious intentions to enact the threat were more inclined to hide information from the interviewer. We argue that it is vital for threat management interviewers to i) understand what behaviors can be expected from the interviewee, and ii) learn about interview methods that can steer these behaviors towards information gain (which is beneficial to threat assessment) and towards de-escalation (which is the purpose of threat management).
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| 2. |
- Hagsand, Angelica, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol, crime and memory. Intoxicated eyewitnesses delayed recall of a kidnapping.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Svenska föreningen för Alkohol- och Drogforskning, konferens 8-9 November, Norrköping.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Alcohol is involved in 50-70% of violent crimes in Sweden. Eyewitness memory is a valuable source in investigations and it is common that the police interview alcohol intoxicated eyewitnesses. There are few studies on how alcohol affects witness memory. This study investigated how different doses of alcohol affected eyewitness recall one week after witnessing a crime and potential sex differences. The participants (N = 126) were healthy adults and were randomly assigned to either a control group, 0.0 g/kg ethanol (N = 42), a lower alcohol dose group, 0.4 g/kg ethanol (N = 40), or a higher alcohol dose group, 0.7 g/kg ethanol (N = 44). After 15 minutes consumption in a laboratory, participants witnessed a film showing a kidnapping of a woman by two men. The witnesses were interviewed about the crime one week later in a sober state. Witnesses in the higher alcohol dose group recalled fewer details compared to witnesses in the lower alcohol dose group. The amount of alcohol consumed did not have an impact on accuracy. Women and men reached the same blood alcohol concentration and no sex differences were found in recall. Interestingly, although the witnesses in the high alcohol dose group reported less information, their testimony was as correct as the testimony given by witnesses in the control group and the lower alcohol dose group. Despite the interesting results, more studies are needed before recommendations to the legal system can be made.
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| 3. |
- Hagsand, Angelica, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol intoxicated eyewitnesses´ delayed recall of a kidnapping.
- 2013
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Ingår i: Poster presented at the European Association of Psychology and Law, 5th of September 2013, Coventry, UK..
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study investigated how different doses of alcohol affected eyewitness recall. Participants (N = 126) were randomly assigned to three groups with different blood alcohol concentration (BAC), either a control group (mean BAC 0.00%, N = 42), a lower alcohol dose group (mean BAC 0.04%, N = 40), or a higher alcohol dose group (mean BAC 0.06%, N = 44). After consumption in a laboratory, participants witnessed a film of a mock crime where a woman was kidnapped by two men. One week after, the witnesses were interviewed in a sober state, by interviewers who were blind to which beverage the witnesses had consumed the week before. The main results showed that witnesses with the higher intoxication level recalled fewer details compared to witnesses with the lower intoxication level. The amount of alcohol consumed did not have an impact on the accuracy rate. No sex differences were found. We conclude that more studies are needed before recommendations can be made to an applied setting, but this study showed that alcohol may have a negative impact on eyewitness recall.
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| 4. |
- Hagsand, Angelica, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of the degree of alcohol intoxication on eyewitness memory for a violent crime: Identification accuracy in lineup
- 2011
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Ingår i: Oral presentation at The Nordic Network for Psychology and Law (NNPL), September 16-17 2011, Oslo, Norway.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Introduction and Aim. In Sweden, 50-70% of all violent crimes are alcohol related (BRÅ, 2007, 2009). Eyewitnesses are valuable to the Police since they have seen the event and many crimes lack technical evidence like DNA. Due to the limited studies in the area, this ongoing experimental study might give valuable knowledge to the legal system concerning the assessment of alcohol intoxicated eyewitnesses and the credibility of their testimonies. Methods. The participants (N = 120 when finished) consists of healthy adult students. The study uses a 3 x 2 between- participants design with random assignment to alcohol beverage (none vs. moderate vs. high dose,) and lineup presentation (target present vs. target absent). Consumption time is 15 minutes in a laboratory with living room design. A movie depicting a staged kidnapping is shown to the participants and after 30 minutes of distracting filler tasks the participants are interviewed. One week later, the participants are presented the simultaneous lineup in order to identify the culprit from the movie and are also interviewed in more detail about the crime scene. Results and Conclusions. The data collection is ongoing during the spring of 2011. To this date, data from half of the participants has been collected. Results concerning identification accuracy will be presented and discussed at the NNPL conference in Oslo in September 2011.
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| 5. |
- Hagsand, Angelica, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Immediate or delayed recall: When is the best time to interview alcohol intoxicated eyewitnesses?
- 2013
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Ingår i: Oral presentation at The Nordic Network for Psychology and Law (NNPL), October 25-26 2013, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Introduction. Many violent crimes involve alcohol intoxicated eyewitnesses, but there are only a few studies on how alcohol affects eyewitness memory. Aim. The overall aim was to examine whether eyewitnesses, intoxicated as well as sober, recall more (and more accurate) information when interviewed immediately after witnessing a crime, compared to a delayed interview. Methods. The participants (N = 99) were randomly assigned to a 2 (Beverage: control vs. alcohol) x 2 (Recall trial: immediate and delayed vs. delayed only) mixed design. After a 15 minutes consumption time, a staged kidnapping on film was shown. Half of the participants (N = 48) were interviewed immediately and all (N = 100) had a one week delayed recall. Results. There was no difference between sober and intoxicated eyewitnesses in terms of amount of details, but intoxicated witnesses were less accurate. Eyewitnesses who had an immediate recall remembered significantly more and were more accurate at the delayed recall, than eyewitnesses who did not have an immediate recall. This regardless whether the eyewitnesses had consumed alcohol or not the week before. Conclusions. This study shows the importance of conducting an immediate interview, even when the witnesses are intoxicated with a low to moderate blood alcohol concentration.
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| 6. |
- Häkkänen, Helinä, et al.
(författare)
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Police officers’ views of effective interview tactics: The effects of weight of case evidence and discomfort with ambiguity
- 2009
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. ; 23, s. 468-481
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined the effects of case-specific facts and individual discomfort with ambiguity (DA) on investigators’ beliefs concerning effective interviewing tactics for suspects. Violent crime investigators (n = 30) responded to a questionnaire including the Need for Closure Scale (NFCS) and ratings of the importance of 39 interrogation tactics in two hypothetical interrogations with a homicide suspect, where the evidence consisted of either technical evidence or soft information. Twenty tactics were analysed with a multidimensional scaling procedure which confirmed two discrete interviewing themes: humane and dominant. More tactics, both dominant and humane, were rated as important if the evidence was soft compared with technical. In the soft evidence condition, investigators who were high on DA rated both types of tactics as more important than did low-DA investigators. In the technical evidence condition, no such difference emerged.
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| 7. |
- Willén, Rebecca M., 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Factors Affecting Two Types of Memory Specificity : Particularization of Episodes and Details
- 2016
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 11:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Memory for repeated events is relevant to legal investigations about repeated occurrences. We investigated how two measures of specificity (number of events referred to and amount of detail reported about the events) were influenced by interviewees' age, number of experienced events, interviewer, perceived unpleasantness, and memory rehearsal. Transcribed narratives consisting of over 40.000 utterances from 95 dental patients, and the corresponding dental records, were studied. Amount of detail was measured by categorizing the utterances as generic, specific, or specific-extended. We found that the two measures were affected differently by all five factors. For instance, number of experienced events positively influenced number of referred events but had no effect on amount of detail provided about the events. We make suggestions for future research and encourage reanalysis of the present data set and reuse of the material.
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| 8. |
- Öman, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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Mobile phone quality vs. direct quality : How the presentation format affects earwitness identification accuracy
- 2010
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Ingår i: The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context. - : Sociedad Española de Psicología Jurídica y Forense. - 1889-1861 .- 1989-4007. ; 2:2, s. 161-182
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study aimed to gain insight into the effect of mobile phone quality on voice identification using an ecologically realistic design. A total of 165 participants were exposed to an unfamiliar voice, either directly recorded or mobile phone recorded, for 40 seconds. After a two week delay, they were asked to identify the target-voice in a 7 voice target-present line-up. We used a between- subjects design, where half of the subjects were exposed to a directly recorded line-up, and the other half to a mobile phone recorded line-up. Data analysis did not show any significant effect of presentation format or line-up format. These results suggest that the detrimental effect on voice recognition suggested by the poorer sound quality of mobile phone recordings is minimal. They also indicate that there is no benefit from conducting a mobile phone recorded line-up, if the voice is originally heard over a mobile phone. More research is needed, however, before definitive conclusions may be drawn. The overall accuracy for correct identifications was 12.7% which is expected by chance. Further, one particular foil attracted 54% of all false identifications. Future research should focus on explaining why earwitnesses perform so poorly and develop methods to improve identification accuracy.
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| 9. |
- Hagsand, Angelica, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol-intoxicated witnesses: A review of the current literature and new steps forward.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Nordic Network for Psychology and Law (NNPL), 7-8 November 2014, Oslo, Norway.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Eyewitnesses often provide central investigative leads in many criminal cases, and are often the sole source of evidence. Many witnesses are under the influence of alcohol during the crime, and/or during the investigative interview and line-up. There is evidence that jurors and expert witnesses perceive intoxicated witnesses as more cognitively impaired and less credible than sober ones. The few studies that have examined the effects of alcohol on witness memory for events cast doubt on whether expert witnesses’ and jurors’ inferences are warranted. That is, in experimental studies, intoxicated witnesses rarely differ from sober or placebo witnesses in terms of accuracy and quantity of information recalled or in their ability to recognize a perpetrator in a lineup. At the few occasions when a detrimental effect of alcohol on witness memory has been found it resulted in small differences between alcohol and sober or placebo participants, barely of any practical significance for law enforcement personnel. The present literature review indicates that intoxicated witnesses might be better than their reputation, and that witnesses who have a low to moderate intoxication level (BAC <0.10%) can be rather reliable sources of information in criminal investigations. However, limitations in the previous studies are highlighted and new steps of further research is discussed.
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| 10. |
- Hagsand, Angelica, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Bottled memories: On how alcohol affects eyewitness recall
- 2013
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 54:3, s. 188-195
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated how different doses of alcohol affected eyewitness recall. Participants (N = 126) were randomly assigned to three groups with different blood alcohol concentration (BAC), either a control group (mean BAC 0.00%, N = 42), a lower alcohol dose group (mean BAC 0.04%, N = 40), or a higher alcohol dose group (mean BAC 0.06%, N = 44). After consumption, participants witnessed a movie of a mock crime and were interviewed one week later. The main results showed that witnesses with the higher intoxication level recalled fewer details compared to witnesses with the lower intoxication level. The amount of alcohol consumed did not have an impact on the accuracy rate. No sex differences were found. The results are discussed in the light of past research. We conclude that more studies are needed before recommendations can be made to an applied setting. Key words: Alcohol, eyewitness memory, recall, delayed interview, intoxicated witnesses.
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