| 1. |
- Renström, Emma A., et al.
(författare)
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The multiple meanings of the gender-inclusive pronoun hen : Predicting attitudes and use
- 2022
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Ingår i: European Journal of Social Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0046-2772 .- 1099-0992. ; 52:1, s. 71-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Swedish gender-inclusive pronoun hen can be used generically (referring to anyone), or specifically (referring to non-binary gender identities). Three studies tested evaluations and use of hen, and individual-level predictors. In Study 1 (N = 2145), specific hen was slightly favoured over generic hen. In Study 2 (N = 297), hen was more negatively evaluated than binary pronouns, and generic hen was more positively evaluated than specific hen. In Study 3 (N = 450), hen was less frequently used compared to binary pronouns overall but preferred in generic contexts. Traditionalism mainly predicted attitudes towards generic hen and beliefs about gender, as binary mainly predicted attitudes towards specific hen, although the pattern varied across studies. Because hen was preferred in generic contexts, but not in specific ones, this work has implications for understanding the non-acceptance of non-binary gender identities since the traditional binary notion of gender still is strong.
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| 2. |
- Renström, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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Are Gender-Neutral Pronouns Really Neutral? Testing a Male Bias in the Grammatical Genderless Languages Turkish and Finnish
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Language and Social Psychology. - : Sage Publications. - 0261-927X .- 1552-6526. ; 42:4, s. 476-487
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Languages differ in how grammatically salient gender is. We explored if grammatically gender-neutral pronouns in Finnish and Turkish, two grammatically genderless languages, are gender neutral or male biased, thereby activating male, rather than female, exemplars. We also tested whether differences in national level gender equality influence the male bias. Results indicated a male bias in both languages, whereas national level gender equality had no influence. Implications for gender-fair language reforms in grammatically genderless languages are discussed.
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| 3. |
- Bäck, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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From I to We : Group Formation and Linguistic Adaption in an Online Xenophobic Forum
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Journal of Social and Political Psychology. - : Leibniz Institute for Psychology (ZPID). - 2195-3325. ; 6:1, s. 76-91
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Much of identity formation processes nowadays takes place online, indicating that intergroup differentiation may be found in online communities. This paper focuses on identity formation processes in an open online xenophobic, anti-immigrant, discussion forum. Open discussion forums provide an excellent opportunity to investigate open interactions that may reveal how identity is formed and how individual users are influenced by other users. Using computational text analysis and Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC), our results show that new users change from an individual identification to a group identification over time as indicated by a decrease in the use of “I” and increase in the use of “we”. The analyses also show increased use of “they” indicating intergroup differentiation. Moreover, the linguistic style of new users became more similar to that of the overall forum over time. Further, the emotional content decreased over time. The results indicate that new users on a forum create a collective identity with the other users and adapt to them linguistically.
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| 4. |
- Calmfors, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Uppfattas tjänstehandel som mindre rättvis än varuhandel? : En studie av attityder till låglönekonkurrens i utrikeshandel
- 2011
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ett antal arbetsmarknadskonflikter relaterade till låglönekonkurrens med utstationerad arbetskraft har blivit livligt uppmärksammade i den offentliga debatten runt om i EU:s medlemsländer. Av debatten att döma tycks de flesta medborgare ha en mer negativ inställning till låglönekonkurrens när det gäller import av tjänster innefattande utstationerad arbetskraft än när det gäller import av varor. Vår rapport studerar hur attityderna till låglönekonkurrens skiljer sig åt mellan olika former av handel genom att kombinera ekonomisk och psykologisk forskning. Resultaten bekräftar att attityderna är mer negativa till låglönekonkurrens i tjänstehandel och till offshoring än till varuimport från låglöneländerna. Demografiska, socioekonomiska och politisk-ideologiska bakgrundsfaktorer påverkar attityderna till handel i linje med resultaten från tidigare studier av handelsattityder. Däremot förefaller bakgrundsvariabler ha liten betydelse för skillnader i attityder mellan olika typer av handel. Vi genomförde även experiment för att klargöra i vilken grad attityden till tjänstehandel bildas utifrån rationella överväganden runt olika aspekter, det vill säga från underliggande attityddimensioner, eller om dessa attityddimensioner på grund av koherenssökande i stället anpassas till den generella attityden. Resultaten ger starkt stöd för att koherenssökande spelar stor roll i attitydbildningen till låglönekonkurrens med utstationerad arbetskraft. Tendensen till koherenssökande tycks vara kraftigare för dem som har en negativ inställning till sådan låglönekonkurrens än för dem som är positiva. Det skulle kunna tolkas som att den negativa gruppen bildar sina attityder på ett mindre rationellt sätt än den positiva gruppen. En alternativ tolkning är att den positiva gruppen ser sig som utmanare av den existerande ordningen, vilket enligt psykologisk forskning kan göra den mindre benägen att nyansera sin inställning.
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| 5. |
- Gustafsson Sendén, Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Neutral pronouns as promoters of gender equality
- 2017
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Ingår i: EASP small group meeting on Gender roles in the future, Berlin. June 24-26, 2017.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 6. |
- Klysing, Amanda, et al.
(författare)
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Gender diversity in recruitment: Influence of gender trouble on applicant attraction and evaluation
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Social Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0021-9029 .- 1559-1816. ; 52:8, s. 781-802
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current research addresses gender trouble (acts that question the naturalness of a binary gender system) in two parts of the recruitment situation: applicant attraction and evaluation. Experiment 1 (N = 1,147) investigated how different Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) statements in an organization description influenced organizational evaluations. The EEO statements emphasized gender as binary (women and men), gender as diverse (multi-gender), or gender as irrelevant (de-gender; compared with no EEO statement). Gender minority participants experienced decreased identity threat in response to the multi-gendered and the de-gendered EEO statements, which increased organizational attractivity. There was no significant effect of EEO statement for gender majority participants. Multi-gendered and de-gendered EEO statements increased perceived gender diversity within the organization. Experiment 2 (N = 214) investigated how applicants with a normative or non-normative gender expression were evaluated by HR-specialists. Applicants with a non-normative gender expression were rated as more suitable for the position and recommended a higher starting salary than applicants with a normative gender expression. Women with a non-normative gender expression were rated as more likely to be employed than men with a non-normative gender expression, while women applicants regardless of gender expression were rated as the most likely to acquire the position. This research indicates that gender minorities can be explicitly included in EEO statements without negative impact on gender majority groups and with a positive impact on gender minority groups. Furthermore, a non-normative gender expression was not found to be a cause for biased evaluations in an initial recruitment situation. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Applied Social Psychology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC
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| 7. |
- Petersén Karlsson, Kristina, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Gender differences in autobiographical memory : females latently express communality more than do males
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Cognitive Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2044-5911 .- 2044-592X. ; 31:7, s. 651-664
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gender differences have been found in several aspects of autobiographical memory (i.e. personally experienced events). For example, previous studies have shown that females’ autobiographical memories contain more communal and emotional expressions than do males. However, an important question concerns whether these differences can be observed both in the manifest content (i.e. what is actually said) and in the latent content (i.e. the underlying meaning of what is said). In the present exploratory study, we extended the current knowledge concerning gender differences in autobiographical memory by investigating the manifestly expressed words, as well as the latently expressed words in autobiographical memory descriptions. We observed an overall gender difference in the latent content of the autobiographical memories. Furthermore, females latently described their memories in more communal terms than males did. No other gender differences were found. Our results indicate that females’ autobiographical memories are more communally oriented than male's.
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| 8. |
- Pietraszkiewicz, Agnieszka, et al.
(författare)
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The big two dictionaries : Capturing agency and communion in natural language
- 2019
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Ingår i: European Journal of Social Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0046-2772 .- 1099-0992. ; 49:5, s. 871-887
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Four studies developed and validated two dictionaries to capture agentic and communal expressions in natural language. Their development followed the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) approach (Study 1) and we tested their validity with frequency‐based analyses and semantic similarity measures. The newly developed Agency and Communion dictionaries were aligned with LIWC categories related to agency and communion (Study 2), and corresponded with subjective ratings (Study 3), confirming their convergent validity. Very low or absent correspondence between proposed dictionaries and unrelated LIWC categories demonstrated their discriminant validity (Study 2). Finally, we applied both dictionaries to language used in advertisements. In correspondence to gender stereotypes, male‐dominated jobs were advertised with more agentic than communal words, and female‐dominated jobs with more communal than agentic words (Study 4). Both dictionaries represent reliable tools for quantifying agentic and communal content in natural language, and will improve and facilitate future research on agency and communion.
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| 9. |
- Morgenroth, Thekla, et al.
(författare)
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Defending the Sex/Gender Binary : The Role of Gender Identification and Need for Closure
- 2021
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Ingår i: Social Psychology and Personality Science. - : SAGE Publications. - 1948-5506 .- 1948-5514. ; 12:5, s. 731-740
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the Western world, gender/sex is traditionally viewed as binary, with people falling into one of two categories: male or female. This view of gender/sex has started to change, triggering some resistance. This research investigates psychological mechanisms underlying that resistance. Study 1 (N= 489, UK) explored the role of individual gender identification in defense of, and attempts to reinforce, the gender/sex binary. Study 2 (N= 415, Sweden) further considered the role of individual differences in need for closure. Both gender identification and need for closure were associated with binary views of gender/sex, prejudice against nonbinary people, and opposition to the use of gender-neutral pronouns. Policies that aim to abolish gender/sex categories, but not policies that advocate for a third gender/sex category, were seen as particularly unfair among people high in gender identification. These findings are an important step in understanding the psychology of resistance to change around binary systems of gender/sex.
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| 10. |
- Eneroth, Mari, et al.
(författare)
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Threats or violence from patients was associated with turnover intention among foreign-born GPs - a comparison of four workplace factors associated with attitudes of wanting to quit one's job as a GP
- 2017
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0281-3432 .- 1502-7724. ; 35:2, s. 208-213
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: General practitioners (GPs) are crucial in medical healthcare, but there is currently a shortage of GPs in Sweden and elsewhere. Recruitment of GPs from abroad is essential, but foreign-born physicians face difficulties at work that may be related to turnover intention, i.e. wanting to quit one's job. The study aims to explore the reasons to why foreign-born GPs may intend to quit their job. Design: Survey data were used to compare four work-related factors that can be associated with turnover intentions; patient-related stress, threats or violence from patients, control of work pace, and empowering leadership, among native-born and foreign-born GPs. These work-related factors were subsequently examined in relation to turnover intention among the foreign-born GPs by means of linear hierarchical regression analyses. The questionnaire consisted of items from the QPS Nordic and items constructed by the authors. Setting: A primary care setting in a central area of Sweden. Subjects: Native-born (n = 208) and foreign-born GPs (n = 73). Results: Turnover intention was more common among foreign-born GPs (19.2% compared with 14.9%), as was the experience of threats or violence from patients (22% compared with 3% of the native-born GPs). Threats or violence was also associated with increased turnover intention. Control of work pace and an empowering leadership was associated with reduced turnover intention.
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