| 1. |
- Strömberg, Helena, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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A future without drivers? Comparing users', urban planners' and developers' assumptions, hopes, and concerns about autonomous vehicles
- 2021
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Ingår i: European Transport Research Review. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1867-0717 .- 1866-8887. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: This study identifies and compares perceptions of autonomous vehicle (AV) implementation among three Swedish stakeholder groups: Future Users, Urban Planners, and Developers. Method: Semi-structured comparative focus groups were conducted separately with each of the three groups of stakeholders and the transcripts were analysed in broad themes using thematic analysis. Results: Assumptions, hopes, concerns, and direction of development were the main themes that emerged from the analysis. Assumptions included electrification of vehicles, changes in travel demand, and the need for regulations; Hopes included the idea that AVs will contribute to a more accessible and safer transport system; Concerns included overtrust in AV technology, a possible detrimental impact on the city in the form of congestion and higher demand for investments in infrastructure that could outcompete other modes of transport; and Direction of development and their own role, where the need for collaboration between stakeholders and implementation of AVs in connection with society’s needs were emphasised. Conclusions: AVs were seen to lead to both positive and negative consequences depending on implementation and the development of society. The study shows that dialogue between different stakeholders is lacking but it is desired for the inclusive implementation of AVs.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Davidson, Per, et al.
(författare)
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The association between mnemonic discrimination ability and differential fear learning
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. - : Elsevier Ltd.. - 0005-7916 .- 1873-7943. ; 75
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and objectives: It is important to be able to learn which stimuli in our surroundings predict aversive outcomes. To maintain emotional well-being, it is similarly important to be able to learn which stimuli predict safety. The ability to discriminate between stimuli that predict danger and safety has been suggested to not only have an emotional component, but also a cognitive one. One such candidate mechanism is mnemonic discrimination (MD), the ability to differentiate between two memories that are similar but not identical. In the present study, we wanted to examine if MD performance helps to explain inter-individual differences in the ability to acquire a differentiated fear response during fear conditioning. Methods: Participants performed a task assessing MD ability, and then underwent a fear conditioning procedure. Fear responses were measured using skin conductance responses (SCRs). Results: Results revealed no support for MD ability being associated with to which degree a differentiated fear response was acquired, or with the time needed to acquire such a response. Limitations: Our only outcome measurement was SCRs. Future studies need to include fear ratings, expectancy ratings and neural responses. Future studies also need to examine this using a stimulus material where the conditioned stimulus and the safety stimulus are more difficult to distinguish from each other. Conclusions: If MD ability has a role in inhibiting overgeneralization of fear learning, this does not seem to be driven by MD already during the initial learning.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Bramao, Ines, et al.
(författare)
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Benefits and costs of context reinstatement in episodic memory : An ERP study
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. - : MIT Press - Journals. - 1530-8898 .- 0898-929X. ; 29:1, s. 52-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated context-dependent episodic memory retrieval. An influential idea in the memory literature is that performance benefits when the retrieval context overlaps with the original encoding context. However, such memory facilitation may not be driven by the encoding-retrieval overlap per se but by the presence of diagnostic features in the reinstated context that discriminate the target episode from competing episodes. To test this prediction, the encoding-retrieval overlap and the diagnostic value of the context were manipulated in a novel associative recognition memory task. Participants were asked to memorize word pairs presented together with diagnostic (unique) and nondiagnostic (shared) background scenes. At test, participants recognized the word pairs in the presence and absence of the previously encoded contexts. Behavioral data show facilitated memory performance in the presence of the original context but, importantly, only when the context was diagnostic of the target episode. The electrophysiological data reveal an early anterior ERP encoding-retrieval overlap effect that tracks the cost associated with having nondiagnostic contexts present at retrieval, that is, shared by multiple previous episodes, and a later posterior encoding-retrieval overlap effect that reflects facilitated access to the target episode during retrieval in diagnostic contexts. Taken together, our results underscore the importance of the diagnostic value of the context and suggest that context-dependent episodic memory effects are multiple determined.
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| 6. |
- Bramao, Ines, et al.
(författare)
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Electrophysiological signatures revealing the temporal dynamics of episodic retrieval
- 2022
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Episodic memory enables mental time travel, allowing us to relive specific, personally experienced events tied in time and place. This feat of human memory is considered to be dependent on the reinstatement of the cortical patterns that were active at the time of encoding. A growing body of recent literature has provided support for this idea by showing that retrieval success co-varies with the neural encoding patterns being reinstated at the time of retrieval. In this presentation, we will discuss findings from multivariate pattern analysis of electrophysiological data revealing the temporal dynamics of such reinstatement during retrieval and its consequences for episodic remembering. First, we will discuss both benefits and costs of cortical pattern reinstatement. Accumulating evidence has shown that memory typically benefits when the neural patterns established during encoding are reinstated during retrieval. However, our data show that reinstatement can also have detrimental effects on later episodic remembering depending on which aspects of the event are called-for. Next, we will show that contextual background features of an encoding episode are reinstated during selective retrieval even when such information is task-irrelevant. These data elucidate that context reinstatement tracks retrieval competition between similar episodes and interference resolution. Combined, our data elucidate the temporal dynamics of episodic remembering and shed new light on encoding and retrieval interactions in episodic memory.
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| 7. |
- Bramao, Ines, et al.
(författare)
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Encoding contexts are incidentally reinstated during competitive retrieval and track the temporal dynamics of memory interference
- 2022
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Ingår i: Cerebral Cortex. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1460-2199 .- 1047-3211. ; 32:22, s. 5020-5035
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ability to remember an episode from our past is often hindered by competition from similar events. For example, if we want to remember the article a colleague recommended during the last lab-meeting, we may need to resolve interference from other article recommendations from the same colleague. This study investigates if the contextual features specifying the encoding episodes are incidentally reinstated during competitive memory retrieval. Competition between memories was created through the AB/AC interference paradigm. Individual word-pairs were presented embedded in a slowly drifting real-word like context. Multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) of high temporal-resolution electroencephalographic (EEG) data was used to investigate context reactivation during memory retrieval. Behaviorally, we observed proactive (but not retroactive) interference; that is, performance for AC competitive retrieval was worse compared to a control DE non-competitive retrieval, whereas AB retrieval did not suffer from competition. Neurally, proactive interference was accompanied by an early reinstatement of the competitor context and interference resolution was associated with the ensuing reinstatement of the target context. Together, these findings provide novel evidence showing that the encoding contexts of competing discrete events are incidentally reinstated during competitive retrieval and that such reinstatement tracks retrieval competition and subsequent interference resolution.
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| 8. |
- Bramao, Ines, et al.
(författare)
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Mental reinstatement of encoding context improves episodic remembering
- 2017
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Ingår i: Cortex. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-9452. ; 94, s. 15-26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates context-dependent memory retrieval. Previous work has shown that physically re-experiencing the encoding context at retrieval improves memory accessibility. The current study examined if mental reconstruction of the original encoding context would yield parallel memory benefits. Participants performed a cued-recall memory task, preceded either by a mental or by a physical context reinstatement task, and we manipulated whether the context reinstated at retrieval overlapped with the context of the target episode. Both behavioral and electrophysiological measures of brain activity showed strong encoding-retrieval (E-R) overlap effects, with facilitated episodic retrieval when the encoding and retrieval contexts overlapped. The electrophysiological E-R overlap effect was more sustained and involved more posterior regions when context was mentally compared with physically reinstated. Additionally, a time-frequency analysis revealed that context reinstatement alone engenders recollection of the target episode. However, while recollection of the target memory is readily prompted by a physical reinstatement, target recollection during mental reinstatement is delayed and depends on the gradual reconstruction of the context. Taken together, our results show facilitated episodic remembering also when mentally reinstating the encoding context; and that such benefits are supported by both shared and partially non-overlapping neural mechanisms when the encoding context is mentally reconstructed as compared with physically presented at the time of retrieval.
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| 9. |
- Bramao, Ines, et al.
(författare)
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Neural pattern classification tracks transfer-appropriate processing in episodic memory
- 2018
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Ingår i: eNeuro. - 2373-2822.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The transfer-appropriate processing (TAP) account holds that episodic memory depends on the overlap between encoding and retrieval processing. In the current study, we employed multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) of electroencephalography to examine the relevance of spontaneously engaged visual processing during encoding for later retrieval. Human participants encoded word- picture associations, where the picture could be a famous face, a landmark, or an object. At test, we manipulated the retrieval demands by asking participants to retrieve either visual or verbal information about the pictures. MVPA revealed classification between picture categories during early perceptual stages of encoding (∼170 ms). Importantly, these visual category-specific neural patterns were predictive of later episodic remembering, but the direction of the relationship was contingent on the particular retrieval demand of the memory task: a benefit for the visual and a cost for the verbal. A reinstatement of the category-specific neural patterns established during encoding was observed during retrieval, and again the relationship with behavior varied with retrieval demands. Reactivation of visual representations during retrieval was associated with better memory in the visual task, but with lower performance in the verbal task. Our findings support and extend the TAP account by demonstrating that processing of particular aspects during memory formation can also have detrimental effects on later episodic remembering when other aspects of the event are called-for and shed new light on encoding and retrieval interactions in episodic memory.
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| 10. |
- Davidson, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Sleep and the generalization of fear learning
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Sleep Research. - : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd. - 0962-1105 .- 1365-2869. ; 25:1, s. 88-95
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fear conditioning is an important survival mechanism, as is the ability to generalize learned fear responses to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus. Overgeneralization of fear learning, prominent in many anxiety disorders, is however highly maladaptive. Because sleep is involved in the consolidation of fear learning, and in active processing of information, the present study explored the effect of sleep on generalization of fear learning. Participants watched a random sequence of pictures of a small and a big circle, one of them coupled with an aversive sound. Then, after a delay period containing either a nap or wake, generalization was examined as participants watched the two circles again, together with eight novel circles that gradually varied in size between the former two. Results showed that the fear response increased as a function of similarity to the conditioned response. However, there was no difference in the degree of generalization between the sleep and the wake group.
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