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| 2. |
- Rehm, Jürgen, et al.
(författare)
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Regulatory Policies for Alcohol, other Psychoactive Substances and Addictive Behaviours : The Role of Level of Use and Potency. A Systematic Review
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 16:19
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The object of this contribution based on a systematic review of the literature is to examine to what degree the level of use and potency play a role in regulatory policies for alcohol, other psychoactive substances and gambling, and whether there is an evidence base for this role. Level of use is usually defined around a behavioural pattern of the user (for example, cigarettes smoked per day, or average ethanol use in grams per day), while potency is defined as a property or characteristic of the substance. For all substances examined (alcohol, tobacco, opioids, cannabis) and gambling, both dimensions were taken into consideration in the formulation of most regulatory policies. However, the associations between both dimensions and regulatory policies were not systematic, and not always based on evidence. Future improvements are suggested.
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| 3. |
- Room, Robin
(författare)
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Concepts and items in measuring social harm from drinking
- 2000
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Ingår i: Journal of Substance Abuse. - Norwood, N.J : Ablex Pub. Corp.. - 0899-3289 .- 1873-6491. ; 12:1-2, s. 93-111
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social epidemiological traditions of asking about problems related to drinking are considered. The issue of the attribution of the problem to drinking, and variations in formulations concerning this, are discussed. Social problems from drinking are inherently properties of social interactions, so that they are composed both of behaviour deemed problematic and of a reaction by another. Most items measuring social harm asked of the drinker him/herself are concerned with major social roles, and problems in the particular life area of the role (work, family, friendships, etc.). Some ask the respondent to attribute the problems to alcohol, some ask about others' attributions to alcohol, and some ask about “objective” problem indicators, although these usually have the respondent's attribution to drinking built in. The possibility of a more systematic way of covering different aspects of interactional problems, as reported by the drinker, is considered. Traditions of questioning the person on the other side of the interaction — i.e., items about others' troubles with drinking, and the effect of these on the respondent — are also discussed, and possibilities for bringing questions asked of the drinker and questions asked of interacting others into the same frame are considered.
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| 4. |
- Kaskutas, L.A., et al.
(författare)
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Alcoholics Anonymous Careers : Patterns of AA Involvement Five Years after Treatment Entry
- 2005
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Ingår i: Alcoholism. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 29:11, s. 1983-1990
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Most formal treatment programs recommend Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) attendance during treatment and as a form of aftercare, but we know very little about treatment seekers' patterns of AA involvement over time and how these relate to abstinence.Method: This paper applies latent class growth curve modeling to longitudinal data from 349 dependent drinkers recruited when they were entering treatment and were re-interviewed at one or more follow-up interviews one, three and five years later, and who reported having attended AA at least once.Results: Four classes of AA “careers” of meeting attendance emerged: The low AA group mainly just attended AA during the 12 months following treatment entry. The medium and high AA groups were characterized by stable attendance at the second and third follow-ups—at about 60 meetings a year for the medium group and over 200 meetings per year for the high group, followed by slight increases for the medium group and slight decreases for the high group by year five. The declining AA group doubled its meeting attendance postbaseline, to almost 200 meetings during the year following treatment entry, but by year five they were only attending about six meetings on average. Decreases in AA meetings did not necessarily signal disengagement from AA; at the five-year follow-up, a third of the low AA group and over half of the declining AA group said they felt like a member of AA. Activities other than meeting attendance, such as having a sponsor, otherwise paralleled the meeting careers, but social networks were similar by year five. Rates of abstinence by year five (for the past 30 days) were 43% for the low AA group, 73% for the medium group, 79% for the high group and 61% for the declining group. Rates of dependence symptoms and social consequences of drinking did not differ between the groups at year five.Conclusions: The prototypical AA careers derived empirically are consistent with anecdotal data about AA meetings: some never connect; some connect but briefly; and others maintain stable (and sometimes quite high) rates of AA attendance. However, contrary to AA lore, many who connect only for a while do well afterwards.
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| 5. |
- Gmel, Gerhard, et al.
(författare)
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Dimensions of alcohol-related social and health consequences in survey research
- 2000
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Ingår i: Journal of Substance Abuse. - 0899-3289 .- 1873-6491. ; 12:1-2, s. 113-138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dimensions of alcohol-related social and health consequences are approached from two different perspectives. First, classical approaches with factor analytic techniques are used to empirically determine the dimensionality of item batteries intended to measure harm. Second, a closer look is taken at theoretically underlying dimensions of social and health consequences and their association with alcohol consumption. Using as empirical material data from the US national survey of males aged 21–59 (N3) conducted in 1969, the following specific questions are discussed: (1) What are the underlying dimensions of alcohol-related social and health consequences? (2) How should the relation between alcohol consumption and consequences best be assessed (in terms of epidemiological traditions or social constructivist traditions)? (3) How can we best incorporate the time perspective into modeling the relationship between alcohol consumption and consequences? A first attempt is made to develop practical guidelines for future research on handling these problems.
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| 6. |
- Laslett, A.-M., et al.
(författare)
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Surveying the range and magnitude of alcohol's harm to others in Australia
- 2011
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Ingår i: Addiction. - : Wiley. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 106:9, s. 1603-1611
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims This study aims to document the adverse effects of drinkers in Australia on people other than the drinker. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting In a national survey of Australia, respondents described the harmful effects they experienced from drinkers in their households, family and friendship networks, as well as work-place and community settings. Participants A randomly selected sample of 2649 adult Australians. Measurements Problems experienced because of others' drinking were ascertained via computer-assisted telephone interviews. Respondent and drinker socio-demographic and drinking pattern data were recorded. Findings A total of 70% of respondents were affected by strangers' drinking and experienced nuisance, fear or abuse, and 30% reported that the drinking of someone close to them had negative effects, although only 11% were affected by such a person ‘a lot’. Women were more affected by someone they knew in the household or family, while men were more affected by strangers, friends and co-workers. Young adults were consistently the most negatively affected across the majority of types of harm. Conclusions Substantial proportions of Australians are affected by other people's drinking, including that of their families, friends, co-workers and strangers. These harms range in magnitude from noise and fear to physical abuse, sexual coercion and social isolation.
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| 7. |
- Babor, T., et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol : No Ordinary Commodity – a summary of the second edition
- 2010
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Ingår i: Addiction. - : Wiley. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 105:5, s. 769-779
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article summarizes the contents of Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity (2nd edn). The first part of the book describes why alcohol is not an ordinary commodity, and reviews epidemiological data that establish alcohol as a major contributor to the global burden of disease, disability and death in high-, middle- and low-income countries. This section also documents how international beer and spirits production has been consolidated recently by a small number of global corporations that are expanding their operations in Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America. In the second part of the book, the scientific evidence for strategies and interventions that can prevent or minimize alcohol-related harm is reviewed critically in seven key areas: pricing and taxation, regulating the physical availability of alcohol, modifying the drinking context, drink-driving countermeasures, restrictions on marketing, education and persuasion strategies, and treatment and early intervention services. Finally, the book addresses the policy-making process at the local, national and international levels and provides ratings of the effectiveness of strategies and interventions from a public health perspective. Overall, the strongest, most cost-effective strategies include taxation that increases prices, restrictions on the physical availability of alcohol, drink-driving countermeasures, brief interventions with at risk drinkers and treatment of drinkers with alcohol dependence.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Babor, Thomas F., et al.
(författare)
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Drug Policy and the Public Good : a summary of the book
- 2010
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Ingår i: Addiction. - : Wiley. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 105:7, s. 1137-1145
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Drug Policy and the Public Good was written by an international group of scientists from the fields of addiction, public health, criminology and policy studies to improve the linkages between drug research and drug policy. The book provides a conceptual basis for evidence-informed drug policy and describes epidemiological data on the global dimensions of drug misuse. The core of the book is a critical review of the cumulative scientific evidence in five general areas of drug policy: primary prevention programmes in schools and other settings; health and social services for drug users; attempts to control the supply of drugs, including the international treaty system; law enforcement and ventures into decriminalization; and control of the psychotropic substance market through prescription drug regimes. The final chapters discuss the current state of drug policies in different parts of the world and describe the need for future approaches to drug policy that are coordinated and informed by evidence.
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