| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Bergman, Mats A., et al.
(författare)
-
Reforming the Swedish pharmaceuticals market : Consequences for costs per defined daily dose
- 2016
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Health Economics and Management. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2199-9023 .- 2199-9031. ; 16:3, s. 201-214
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2009 and 2010, the Swedish pharmaceuticals market was reformed. One of the stated policy goals was to achieve low costs for pharmaceutical products dispensed in Sweden. We use price and sales data for off-patent brand-name and generic pharmaceuticals to estimate a log-linear regression model, allowing us to assess how the policy changes affected the cost per defined daily dose. The estimated effect is an 18 % cost reduction per defined daily dose at the retail level and a 34 % reduction in the prices at the wholesale level (pharmacies’ purchase prices). The empirical results suggest that the cost reductions were caused by the introduction of a price cap, an obligation to dispense the lowest-cost generic substitute available in the whole Swedish market, and the introduction of well-defined exchange groups. The reforms thus reduced the cost per defined daily dose for consumers while being advantageous also for the pharmacies, who saw their retail margins increase. However, pharmaceutical firms supplying off-patent pharmaceuticals experienced a clear reduction in the price received for their products.
|
|
| 3. |
- Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Retail and Place Attractiveness : The Effects of Big-Box Entry on Property Values
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Geographical Analysis. - : John Wiley and Sons Inc. - 0016-7363 .- 1538-4632. ; 53:3, s. 467-498
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The opponents of big-box entry argue that large retail establishments generate a variety of negative externalities. The advocates, on the contrary, argue that access to a large retail market not only delivers direct economic benefits, but also a variety of positive spill-over effects, and therefore, can be considered a consumer amenity that increases the attractiveness of the entry location. To test the validity of these competing arguments, we use the entry of IKEA in Sweden as a quasi-experiment and investigate if increased access to retail is associated with place attractiveness, where attractiveness is proxied by residential property values. We find that entry by IKEA increases prices of the properties sold in the entry cities by, on average, 4.2% or 62,980 SEK (approximately 6,600 USD), but such an effect is statistically insignificant for the properties in the immediate vicinity of the new IKEA retail trade area. We also observe an attenuation of the effect with distance from the new IKEA store, where the properties located 10 km away experience a 2% price increase. Our results indicate that large retailers have the potential to increase place attractiveness, but perhaps not in the immediate vicinity of the new establishment.
|
|
| 4. |
- Bergman, Mats A., 1964-, et al.
(författare)
-
Squeezing the last drop out of your suppliers : an empirical study of market-based purchasing policies for generic pharmaceuticals
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0305-9049 .- 1468-0084. ; 79:6, s. 969-996
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the effect of the degree of exclusivity for the lowest bidder on the averageprice of generic pharmaceuticals in the short and long terms. Our results indicate that a1-percentage-point gain in market share of the lowest bidder reduces average costs by 0.2%in the short term and 0.8% in the long term, but also reduces the number of firms by 1%.We find that reducing the number of firms has a strong positive (and hence counteracting)effect on average prices, a 1% reduction raising prices by approximately 1%.
|
|
| 5. |
- Serat, Núria, et al.
(författare)
-
Next-generation leadership roles and public service : incorporating a culture of co-creation at quadruple helix institutions
- 2018
-
Ingår i: European public mosaic. - 2565-0378. ; :6, s. 48-61
-
Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- The past 15 years have seen a fresh approach to management training. One of the areas that has generated the most interest around Europe is how to improve project creation and co-creation, based, among other things, on 4H innovation models (quadruple helix comprising academia, government, industry and civil society) has become firmly established as one of the most important tools. Below is a description of three current cases that illustrate how different 4H actors are tackling the challenge of providing management training for co-creation in context.
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
