| 1. |
- Kiessling, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Musselodling i Östersjön som miljöåtgärd : nya positiva data från tre pågående EU-projekt
- 2019
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Nya resultat visar att musselodlingar i Östersjön har en betydande potential att bidra till att minska övergödningen samtidigt som förutsättningar skapas för en cirkulär ekonomi/produktion. För att ta musselodling till nästa nivå krävs dels ytterligare förfining av den nya tekniken, men framförallt fler och i förlängningen också större odlingar samtidigt som vi måste vidareutveckla alla de initiativ som nu pågår hur näringen kan återanvändas i livsmedelssystemet på ett effektivt och ekonomiskt lönsamt sätt.
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| 2. |
- Konrad, Maria Theresia, et al.
(författare)
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Drivers of Farmers' Investments in Nutrient Abatement Technologies in Five Baltic Sea Countries
- 2019
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Ingår i: Ecological Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0921-8009 .- 1873-6106. ; 159, s. 91-100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adoption of new manure and fertiliser technology is considered an effective tool to reduce diffuse nutrient pollution from agriculture, and policy instruments to encourage technology uptake are therefore widespread. But policy makers need to understand farmers' reasons for adoption of such technologies to design policies that actually work. Using data from a survey with responses from 2439 farmers in five countries around the Baltic Sea, we identify the drivers of technology adoption for three different abatement technologies: manure spreading equipment, slurry tanks, and precision technology for fertiliser application. We compare drivers for technology investments across technologies with a particular focus on the role of the scale of farm operations, neighbour relations, environmental concerns and innovation readiness. The results show that the scale of farm operation is important for the uptake of all three technologies, while we find no evidence that neighbour relations are important for technology investments. Environmental concerns for soil quality and other on-farm environmental qualities do drive investment; however, the impact of environmental concerns differs across technologies. Innovation readiness is a driver of investments in relation to some technologies, suggesting that the novelty or sophistication of the technology matters to the investing farmers.
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| 3. |
- Wulff, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Reduction of Baltic Sea Nutrient Inputs and Allocation of Abatement Costs Within the Baltic Sea Catchment
- 2014
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Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 43:1, s. 11-25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) requires tools to simulate effects and costs of various nutrient abatement strategies. Hierarchically connected databases and models of the entire catchment have been created to allow decision makers to view scenarios via the decision support system NEST. Increased intensity in agriculture in transient countries would result in increased nutrient loads to the Baltic Sea, particularly from Poland, the Baltic States, and Russia. Nutrient retentions are high, which means that the nutrient reduction goals of 135 000 tons N and 15 000 tons P, as formulated in the BSAP from 2007, correspond to a reduction in nutrient loadings to watersheds by 675 000 tons N and 158 000 tons P. A cost-minimization model was used to allocate nutrient reductions to measures and countries where the costs for reducing loads are low. The minimum annual cost to meet BSAP basin targets is estimated to 4.7 billion a,not sign.
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| 4. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal management of two ecologically interacting deer speciesreality matters, beliefs don't
- 2017
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Ingår i: Natural Resource Modeling. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0890-8575 .- 1939-7445. ; 30:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to analyze the optimal management of two ecologically interdependent, competing species, roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (Dama dama). To this end, we develop a numerical stage-structured model, accounting for species-specific life history characteristics, gender, and stage-specific hunting values. Two contrasting management regimes are considered: optimal joint management of the two species and management where the decision maker is ignorant about interspecific competition. Results from our case study show that the presence of interspecific competition reduces roe deer population size and harvest by 30% and 47%, respectively, and reduces the net present value by 9%. High interspecific competition could lead to the exclusion of the roe deer from the area. In contrast, ignorance about the level and consequences of interspecific competition has no impact on harvest decisions and revenues. The explanation is the higher hunting benefits for fallow deer. Summary for Managers Wildlife managers need bioeconomic models for decisions on ecologically interdependent species. This study investigates optimal joint management of roe and fallow deer when the fallow deer exerts a negative impact on roe deer due to interspecific competition. Results show that interspecific competition reduces the net present value of hunting at the study site by 9%. Regulations will not increase the net present value of hunting in a situation where the manager is ignorant of interspecific competition.
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| 5. |
- Bele, Bolette, et al.
(författare)
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Lokale matprodukter, kundepreferanser og biologisk kulturarv : Oppsummering av en kundeundersøkelse i Gävleborgs län, Sverige og i Trøndelag Fylke, Norge
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denne undersøkelsen er gjennomført innenfor rammen for Interreg-prosjektet «Biologisk kulturarvsom bærekraftig verdiskaper». Prosjektet har fokusert på det potensialet som småskala produsenterhar i å synliggjøre de natur- og kulturverdiene som er koblet denne typen matproduksjon.Forbrukerundersøkelsen som presenteres i denne rapporten ble gjennomført ved to utsalgssteder iSverige og to i Norge. I Sverige foregikk spørreundersøkelsen i Gävleborgs län, ved matfestivalenMoläta i Järvsö og ved setra Svedbovallen like utenfor Järvsö. I Norge ble den samme undersøkelsengjennomført i Trøndelag, ved Eggjenseteren i Snåsa og ved Mathallen Smak og Behag i Oppdal.Undersøkelsen ble gjennomført som en kombinasjon av spørreskjema og oppfølgende intervju. Itillegg er også resultater fra en pilotstudie ved Gregoriemarknaden i Sverige diskutert i rapporten.Forbrukerundersøkelsen fokuserer på fire hovedtemaer: a) hvordan informanten/kunden ser på dennetype bedrifter (företag) og hva de setter pris på ved besøket, b) hva kunden assosierer med det å handleslike lokale matprodukter, c) hvilke naturverdier og biologisk kulturarv de assosierer slike produktermed, d) hvilken bakgrunn kunden/informanten har.Omtrent halvparten av informantene i denne undersøkelsen svarer at de kjenner til selve begrepet«biologisk kulturarv». I og med at koblingen mellom lokale matprodukter og natur- og kulturarv ikkeer tydelig for alle kunder, bør det ligge et potensial i å formidle denne kunnskapen, slik at den kanbidra både til å styrke økonomien og bærekraften til virksomhetene. Resultatene viser også at mangeav kundene verdsetter den opplevelsen det er å besøke slike utsalgssteder. Dette inkluderer blantannet opplevelser knyttet frivillig arbeid (volonärer), drikke kaffe, oppleve spesielle landskap og hakontakt med dyr. Det sosiale samværet ved å besøke matfestivalen, markedet, setra eller det lokaleutsalgsstedet er også noe som påvirker kundenes opplevelse av produktene. Mange avinformantene/kundene i denne undersøkelsen viste seg å ha en indirekte/historisk geografisktilknytning til utsalgsstedet. Resultatene viser derfor at det kan være viktig å henvende seg tilutflyttere, hytteeiere og andre lokale/regionale turister/turistaktører for å danne seg et godtkundegrunnlag både for produktene og opplevelsene som tilbys.Våre resultater viser at salget av lokale matprodukter må anses å være en del av denhelhetsopplevelsen som tilbys. Produktene, til sammen med opplevelsene og aktivitetene må derforsees på som en pakkeløsning som kundene er villige til å betale for. Småskala matprodusenter børderfor sette fokus på helheten og ikke bare fokusere på kvaliteten til matproduktene.
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| 6. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Economics of wildlife management-an overview
- 2018
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Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 64:2
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study makes an explorative overview on two main research topics in economics of wildlife management: determination of population sizes and policy design. The results point out a large and comprehensive research on each of these issues, in particular on the estimation of values and costs of wildlife, where this information is necessary for the determination of population size. A drawback is that most of the value and cost studies do not relate their estimates to wildlife population size, which limits their usability for efficient policy design. Most valuation studies estimate the recreational value of hunting, which can range between 13 and 545 USD/hunting day (in 2013 prices), and two thirds of the included studies have been applied to wildlife in the USA. A majority of the studies on the costs of wildlife management calculate losses from carnivore predation on livestock and ungulate damage to crops, while a few consider dispersal of diseases and the cost of traffic collisions. Unlike valuation studies, several of the cost estimates apply to wildlife in developing and emerging economies. With respect to policy design the literature, which is mainly theoretical, suggests economic incentives for conflict resolution, where those suffering from wildlife damages are compensated for their losses. However, there are some issues which remain to be addressed by economists: relating costs and benefits to wildlife populations; estimating values and costs of wildlife in developing countries; evaluating wildlife policies in practice; addressing implications of uncertainty in population size, costs, and benefits for policy design; and estimating transaction costs for implementation and enforcement of wildlife policies.
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| 7. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of climate information on milk demand : Evidence from a field experiment
- 2016
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Ingår i: Food Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-9192 .- 1873-5657. ; 58, s. 14-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has been suggested that carbon labelling of food, on voluntary or non-voluntary basis, could reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. However, there is limited empirical evidence on the influence of such labels on consumer purchases. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether voluntary carbon labelling affects the demand for milk. A randomized field experiment was conducted in 17 retail stores in Sweden, where a sign provided consumers with qualitative information about the carbon impact of climate-certified milk. The results suggest that the sign increased the demand for the climate-certified milk by approximately 6-8%, and the result is robust to alternative model specifications. The effect is entirely driven by large stores, such as supermarkets. We find no statistically significant impact on total milk sales, and the dataset is too small to verify the consequences for other milk brands. The effect on the demand for the labelled milk is short-lived.
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| 8. |
- Elofsson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Ecological compensation of stochastic wetland biodiversity : National or regional policy schemes?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Ecological Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0921-8009 .- 1873-6106. ; 204
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study is to compare policy schemes for ecological compensation applied at national and regional levels, using exploited inland wetlands as an example. We study whether uncertainty, due to natural variability and measurement difficulties, motivates compensation that is carried out in the same region as that of the exploited site, or whether it rather motivates nationwide compensation schemes. For this purpose, we develop an empirical, chance-constrained programming model of cost-effective wetland management. The model is spatially differentiated and accounts for heterogeneity in wetland quality across wetland types and regions. Wetland quality is defined by three alternative biodiversity indices: species richness, population-weighted species richness, and red-listed species richness, estimated from voluntarily reported data on breeding bird species observations. Results show that regional schemes are more expensive, in particular if the policy maker dislikes uncertainty and wants to prioritize uncommon species. Contrary to expectations from the theoretical analysis, regional schemes would lead to a higher risk-adjusted level of biodiversity at the national level. However, regionalization also implies that targets cannot be achieved if a high safety margin is imposed. Trading ratios are robust to the choice of wetland quality index.
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| 9. |
- Lozano, Julian, et al.
(författare)
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Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Game Harvests in Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Environmental and Resource Economics. - : Springer. - 0924-6460 .- 1573-1502. ; 85, s. 385-408
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The benefits and costs of wildlife are contingent on the spatial overlap of animal populations with economic and recreational human activities. By using a production function approach with dynamic spatial panel data models, we analyze the effects of human hunting and carnivore predation pressure on the value of ungulate game harvests. The results show evidence of dynamic spatial dependence in the harvests of roe deer and wild boar, but not in those of moose, which is likely explained by the presence of harvesting quotas for the latter. Results suggest the impact of lynx on roe deer harvesting values is reduced by 75% when spatial effects are taken into account. The spatial analysis confirms that policymakers’ aim to reduce wild boar populations through increased hunting has been successful, an effect that was only visible when considering spatial effects.
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| 10. |
- Brockwell, Erik, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial analysis of water quality and income in Europe
- 2021
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Ingår i: Water Resources and Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4284. ; 35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship between water quality and income within the European Union, considering spatial interdependences across countries. To this end, we apply a spatial econometrics framework using panel data, at the national level, for twenty EU countries across seventeen years, 1998 to 2014. Furthermore, we account for the role of human and livestock population size, institutional quality and economic openness for water quality. Results show that a significant EKC relationship is seen with an inverted N-shaped relationship between income and water quality. Water quality is decreasing in income for low income levels, increasing in income when GDP per capita for medium income levels, and deteriorating for high income levels. Eight out of twenty countries have income levels associated with a declining water quality. Spatial spillovers between countries are significant. Higher livestock density levels are associated with lower levels of water quality, while institutional quality and openness to trade are positively associated with water quality
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