| 1. |
- Kokko, Ari, et al.
(författare)
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Regional Integration and Trade Diversion in Europe
- 2007
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Ingår i: Integration and Trade. - : Inter-American Development Bank. - 1995-9532. ; :26, s. 205-246
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper re-examines the relation between regional integration and trade by using the framework suggested by Yeats [1998] to analyze the effects of European integration. We identify the industries that experienced the largest increases in regional trade orientation during three phases of European integration, and examine the simultaneous changes in revealed comparative advantages. Our main conclusion is that there are signs of trade diversion for the earliest phase of European integration (1962-1973), when intra-regional trade increased in industries with weak comparative advantages, but not for later time periods. The main reason is that regional integration has coincided with reductions in external trade barriers, improving market access also for outsiders. At the same time, integration has promoted economic growth and import demand, which has been beneficial for outside producers. We also argue that the static concept of trade diversion is not well suited for analyzing modern integration, which aims to raise the comparative advantage of regional producers by promoting scale economies and competition. If successful, it will reduce the market shares of outsiders, but it does not constitute trade diversion: more efficient outsiders are not replaced by less efficient insiders.
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| 2. |
- Kokko, Ari, et al.
(författare)
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Economic Growth and Growth Linkages in China 1994 – 2003
- 2010
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Ingår i: China Economic Journal. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1753-8963 .- 1753-8971. ; 2:3, s. 257-276
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates to what extent income growth in the Chinese provinces is linked to growth and income levels in neighboring provinces. We find that the rate of income growth in a province is positively related to income and growth in neighboring provinces. However, we find no evidence of such positive interdependence between growth in rich coastal provinces and their immediate inland neighbors. This suggests that there has been little synchronization in economic growth rates between these regions, and/or that the immediate hinterland of the coastal growth centers might have been bypassed as China's manufacturing sector has migrated westward.
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| 3. |
- Chen, Taotao, et al.
(författare)
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FDI and spillovers in China : non-linearity and absorptive capacity
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies. - Routledge : Routledge. - 1476-5284 .- 1476-5292. ; 9:1, s. 1-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using a fixed effect variance decomposition model we estimate SURmodels to analyse FDI spillovers from contagion and spillovers fromcompetition on local firms in China. While the former type of spillovermainly depends on the degree of foreign presence, the latter kind is relatedto how foreign and local firms interact. The main conclusion is that FDIhas been beneficial for the Chinese economy but that spillovers are notevenly distributed across firms and industries. Spillovers from contagiontend to exhibit an inverse U-shaped pattern with respect to the degree offoreign presence at the industry level, whereas spillovers from competitionare more linear. Industries with high absorptive capacity and/or highefficiency are the ones best equipped to take advantage of spillovers fromforeign-owned firms.
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| 4. |
- Kokko, Ari, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Distance, Transaction Costs, and Preferences in European Trade
- 2014
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Ingår i: The international trade journal. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0885-3908 .- 1521-0545. ; 28:2, s. 87-120
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Beckerman (1956) and Linder (1961) have suggested that international trade is not determined by supply-side factors alone—perceptions about foreign countries and country preferences matter. We explore the relation between exports, cultural distance, and country preferences in Europe. The results show that several distance and preference-related variables, based on Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, income gaps, and voting patterns in the Eurovision Song Contest, are significantly related to bilateral trade. We conclude that cultural distance and preferences influence trade through several channels, both indirectly through transaction costs and more directly, as countries seem to prefer some trade partners before others.
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| 5. |
- Kokko, Ari, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Redirecting International Trade : Contracts, Conflicts, and Institutions
- 2014
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Ingår i: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik. - Stuttgart : Lucius und Lucius Verlagsgesellschaft. - 0021-4027. ; 234:6, s. 688-721
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The global financial crisis has accelerated the redirection of trade towards new markets, outside the OECD area, where both demand patterns and the institutional environment differ from those in the OECD. This study provides an empirical examination of the consequences of this shift. Results suggest that weak institutions hamper trade and reduces the length of trade relations, especially for small firms. Furthermore, trade in industries that are characterized by a high degree of trade conflicts and that requires extensive relationship specific investments for trade to occur are comparatively difficult to redirect towards markets with weak institutions.
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| 6. |
- Kokko, Ari, et al.
(författare)
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The Growth Effects of R&D Spending in the EU : A Meta-Analysis
- 2015
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Ingår i: Economics. - Stockholm : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1864-6042. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we conduct a meta-analysis to examine the link between R&D spending and economic growth in the EU and other regions. The results suggest that the growth-enhancing effect of R&D in the EU15 countries does not differ from that in other countries in general, but it is less significant than that for other industrialized countries. A closer inspection of the data reveals that the weak results for the EU15 stem from comparisons with the US - the US has been able to generate a stronger growth response from its R&D spending. Possible explanations for the US advantage include higher private sector investment in R&D and stronger public-private sector linkages than in the EU. Hence, to reduce the "innovation gap" vis-beta-vis the US, it may not be enough for the EU to raise the share of R&D expenditures in GDP: continuous improvements in the European innovation system will also be needed, with focus on areas like private sector R&D and public-private sector linkages.
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