| 1. |
- Bergman, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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The relative importance of actual and potential competition: Empirical evidence from the pharmaceuticals market
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of industrial economics. - : Wiley. - 0022-1821 .- 1467-6451. ; 51, s. 455-467
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study actual and potential competition and other factors that determine price paths of brand-name drugs in the Swedish pharmaceuticals market. The results indicate that the price of the incumbent product is lowered by potential competition, entry of (additional) generics, and the introduction of a so-called reference-price system. We also identify a 'ratchet' effect, through which price regulation makes entry-deterring limit-pricing credible.
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| 2. |
- Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of business improvement districts on firm performance, property values and urban safety : an empirical study of five small to medium-sized Swedish towns
- 2024
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Ingår i: Regional studies. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0034-3404 .- 1360-0591. ; 58:3, s. 552-564
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Business improvement districts (BIDs) have emerged as possible solutions for the revitalisation of declining urban areas.We investigate the effects of a voluntary Swedish BID programme on firm performance, urban safety and property valuesin five small to medium-sized Swedish towns, and find that it increased labour productivity for incumbent firms within theBID by about 7%, mainly through an increase in revenues. However, the positive effect of the BID programme on firmperformance is transitory, decreasing sharply during the third year after implementation and then becominginsignificant. As for urban safety and property values, the results are mostly insignificant.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Bergman, Mats A., et al.
(författare)
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Reforming the Swedish pharmaceuticals market : Consequences for costs per defined daily dose
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Health Economics and Management. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2199-9023 .- 2199-9031. ; 16:3, s. 201-214
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2009 and 2010, the Swedish pharmaceuticals market was reformed. One of the stated policy goals was to achieve low costs for pharmaceutical products dispensed in Sweden. We use price and sales data for off-patent brand-name and generic pharmaceuticals to estimate a log-linear regression model, allowing us to assess how the policy changes affected the cost per defined daily dose. The estimated effect is an 18 % cost reduction per defined daily dose at the retail level and a 34 % reduction in the prices at the wholesale level (pharmacies’ purchase prices). The empirical results suggest that the cost reductions were caused by the introduction of a price cap, an obligation to dispense the lowest-cost generic substitute available in the whole Swedish market, and the introduction of well-defined exchange groups. The reforms thus reduced the cost per defined daily dose for consumers while being advantageous also for the pharmacies, who saw their retail margins increase. However, pharmaceutical firms supplying off-patent pharmaceuticals experienced a clear reduction in the price received for their products.
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| 5. |
- Daunfeldt, Sven-Olov, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Retail and Place Attractiveness : The Effects of Big-Box Entry on Property Values
- 2021
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Ingår i: Geographical Analysis. - : John Wiley and Sons Inc. - 0016-7363 .- 1538-4632. ; 53:3, s. 467-498
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The opponents of big-box entry argue that large retail establishments generate a variety of negative externalities. The advocates, on the contrary, argue that access to a large retail market not only delivers direct economic benefits, but also a variety of positive spill-over effects, and therefore, can be considered a consumer amenity that increases the attractiveness of the entry location. To test the validity of these competing arguments, we use the entry of IKEA in Sweden as a quasi-experiment and investigate if increased access to retail is associated with place attractiveness, where attractiveness is proxied by residential property values. We find that entry by IKEA increases prices of the properties sold in the entry cities by, on average, 4.2% or 62,980 SEK (approximately 6,600 USD), but such an effect is statistically insignificant for the properties in the immediate vicinity of the new IKEA retail trade area. We also observe an attenuation of the effect with distance from the new IKEA store, where the properties located 10 km away experience a 2% price increase. Our results indicate that large retailers have the potential to increase place attractiveness, but perhaps not in the immediate vicinity of the new establishment.
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| 6. |
- Bergman, Mats A., 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Squeezing the last drop out of your suppliers : an empirical study of market-based purchasing policies for generic pharmaceuticals
- 2017
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Ingår i: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0305-9049 .- 1468-0084. ; 79:6, s. 969-996
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the effect of the degree of exclusivity for the lowest bidder on the averageprice of generic pharmaceuticals in the short and long terms. Our results indicate that a1-percentage-point gain in market share of the lowest bidder reduces average costs by 0.2%in the short term and 0.8% in the long term, but also reduces the number of firms by 1%.We find that reducing the number of firms has a strong positive (and hence counteracting)effect on average prices, a 1% reduction raising prices by approximately 1%.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Bergman, Mats, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Reforming the Swedish pharmaceuticals market : Consequences for costs per defineddaily dose
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In 2009, the Swedish pharmaceuticals market was reformed. One of the stated policygoals was to achieve low costs for pharmaceutical products dispensed in Sweden.Prices and sales data for off-patent brand-name and generic pharmaceuticals have beencollected, and a log-linear regression model was used to estimate how the policy changes affected thecost per defined daily dose.The estimated effect is a 19 percent cost reduction per defined daily dose at the retail leveland a 35 percent reduction in the prices at the wholesale level (pharmacies' purchase prices). Theempirical results suggest that half of the retail-level price reduction is due to the introduction of a pricecap for products going off patent and half is due to other components of the reform. Measured at thewholesale level the latter effect is larger than the former.The reforms reduced the cost per defined daily dose for consumers while beingadvantageous also for the pharmacies, who saw their retail margins increase due to the reform.However, pharmaceutical firms supplying off-patent pharmaceuticals experienced a clear reduction inthe price received for their products.
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| 9. |
- Aronsson, Thomas, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of generic drug competition on brand name market shares - evidence from micro data
- 2001
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Ingår i: Review of Industrial Organization. - : Kluwer Academic Publishers. - 0889-938X .- 1573-7160. ; 19:4, s. 423-433
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyses how market shares for brand name drugs are affected by generic competition. The analysis is based on micro data for twelve different original drugs, which are all subject to generic competition. For five of these drugs, we find that the price of the original relative to the average price of the generic substitutes significantly affects the market share of the original drug. In addition, the introduction of a so called "reference price" system appears to have had a significant impact on the market shares of five original drugs.
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