| 1. |
- Ekberg, Jan, 1942-, et al.
(författare)
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SUR estimation of earnings differentials between three generations of immigrants and natives
- 2010
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Ingår i: The annals of regional science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0570-1864 .- 1432-0592. ; 45:3, s. 705-720
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a Seemingly Unrelated Regressions estimation of earnings differentials between three generations of immigrants and natives in Sweden. The results show that male first-generation immigrants were at an earnings advantage compared to male natives. Among male second-generation immigrants the earnings differentials compared to natives were very small, while third-generation immigrants were at an earnings disadvantage compared to natives. The same pattern was found among females. Thus, the results indicate that ethnic differences in earnings are likely to occur even after several generations spent in a country and that the problem of immigrant assimilation that exists in many European countries may last for several generations.
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| 2. |
- Ekberg, Jan, 1942-
(författare)
-
Will future immigration to Sweden make it easier to finance the welfare system?
- 2011
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Ingår i: European Journal of Population. - : SpringerLink. - 0168-6577 .- 1572-9885. ; 27:1, s. 103-124
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Will future immigration to a country with a large public sector alleviatethe increasing burden on the public welfare system due to an ageing population?The question is based on the experience that the age structure ofimmigrants differs from that of the native population. Fiscal impacts due toimmigration depend mainly on the size, the age composition and the labour marketintegration of the additional population which arises because of immigration. Aprojection from Statistics Sweden about future immigration combined with thelatest Long-Term Survey of the Swedish Economy has been used in this study.Calculations for Sweden up to the year 2050 show that the positive net contributionto the public sector from the additional population is rather small even withgood integration into the labour market. The reason is that future immigration willincrease the size of the population and thereby raise not only revenue from taxationbut also public expenses. The fiscal impact is sensitive to the labour marketintegration of the additional population. The yearly positive/negative net contributioneffect is less than 1% of GDP for most of the years. On the whole, theresults are about the same even if we change the assumptions concerning thecomposition of future public revenues, the growth of public expenses, returnmigration, or the age-specific birth and death rates in the additional population.More considerable net fiscal effects would require a much higher and probablyunrealistic level of future immigration.
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| 3. |
- Ekberg, Jan, 1942-
(författare)
-
Will immigration in the future make easier to support an ageing population?
- 2010
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sweden and many other Western countries are facing a demographic development with an ageing population which will burden their public finances. Already today, the sum of yearly public expenditures in Sweden is about 50 percent of gross national product (GNP). Will future immigration alleviate the burden on the welfare system? Immigrants usually have a low proportion of old people and a high proportion of people of working age. Calculations for Sweden up to the year 2050 show, however, that the positive net fiscal contribution of immigrants is small even if they are well integrated on the labour market. The reason is that future immigration will increase the size of the population and thereby raise not only tax receipts but also public expenses. The fiscal impact is sensitive to immigrants’ integration into the labour market. If, for example, the rate of labour force participation of future immigrants will be the same as that of foreign born now living in Sweden, the fiscal consequences would be negative, but small also in that case. For most years up to 2050, the calculated positive/negative net contribution effect is less than one percent of GNP. The same positive net contribution could be achieved through a better integration of immigrants already living in Sweden.
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