| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
- Edebalk, Per Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
-
Poor Relief, Taxes and the First Universal Pension Reform: the origin of the Swedish welfare state reconsidered
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of History. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1502-7716 .- 0346-8755. ; 35:4, s. 391-402
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the year 1900, Sweden probably had the oldest population in the contemporary world. It was also the first nation to implement a universal pension system in 1913. The universal character in early social legislation has certainly been decisive for the development of the Swedish welfare state. This alternative has not been self-evident. Why did the reforms turn universal, when the continental model, the Bismarck social security system, was exclusively directed at industrial workers? Research has concentrated on demographic factors and growing demands for social security, or on the fact that Sweden was still a predominantly rural society with about 2,400 local authorities. This article examines the development of social legislation in the light of local government expenditures and incomes, and suggests an overlooked possibility: the formulation of the first universal national social security reform was a redistributional response to uneven distribution of incomes and general expenditures among the rural districts in Sweden.
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
- Lundh, Christer, et al.
(författare)
-
Contract-workers in Swedish agriculture, c. 1890s – 1930s. A comparative study of standard of living and social status
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of History. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1502-7716 .- 0346-8755. ; 36:3, s. 298-323
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the political and medial discourse of the 1930s the contract-work system (stat/ar/ systemet) was depicted as a relic of pre-modern society and contract-workers (statare) as the highly exploited lower class with no legal rights, low incomes, miserable housing conditions and a chaotic family life. This picture has dominated Swedish social history ever since, and the main argument of this article is that it has to be modified. With regard to the material standard of living, for example, employment terms, working conditions, wage levels and housing conditions, contract-workers were no worse off than other worker groups in the countryside. On the contrary, the contract-work system had its own rationality and advantages. It made it possible for young couples without land or a croft to marry and establish their own household since housing was included in the payment, and the yearly employment and large proportion of in-kind payments provided income security. However, the political discourse of the 20th century was based on the growing importance of the town and industry. The more regulated employment conditions, higher wages and better housing for industrial and urban workers became the yardstick by which the contract-workers’ situation was judged. Agriculture was an economic sector in decline and the contract-work system appeared to be outdated. The abolition of the contract-work system in 1945 was definitive confirmation of the victory of modernity.
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
- Morell, Mats, 1955-, et al.
(författare)
-
Scandinavia 1750-2000
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Social relations, Property and Power<em></em>. - Turnhout : Brepols. - 9782503530505 ; , s. 315-347, s. 315-347
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 10. |
- Olsson, Mats, et al.
(författare)
-
Agricultural growth and institutions: Sweden 1700-1860
- 2010
-
Ingår i: European Review of Economic History. - 1474-0044. ; 14, s. 275-304
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dating and explanation of the agricultural revolution in Europe remains an elusive research task. When and why did a low-productive pre-industrial agricultural sector turn into a fast-growing, more productive one? Unique data from Sweden, consisting of more than 80,000 observations of farm production output for the period 1700–1860, is used to calculate and explain decisive changes in pre-industrial agricultural production. Our estimations show that crop production more than quadrupled during the period studied and from the 1780s and onwards production growth by far outstripped population growth. Furthermore, the data allows us to estimate the determinants of change on individual farm level. The results show that enclosures, markets and property rights were of significant importance. Institutional changes, affecting the incentives and the organisation of production, made peasants invest in production and productivity. In a general sense this shows the flexibility and awareness of pre-industrial European peasants in exploiting markets and initiating institutional change.
|
|
