| 1. |
- Moore, Jason W., 1971-
(författare)
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'Amsterdam is Standing on Norway', Part I : The Alchemy of Capital, Empire and Nature in the Diaspora of Silver, 1545–1648
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Agrarian Change. - 1471-0358 .- 1471-0366. ; 10:1, s. 33-68
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the first of two essays in this Journal, I seek to unify the historicalgeography of early modern ‘European expansion’ (Iberia and Latin America)with the environmental history of the ‘transition to capitalism’ (northwestern Europe). The expansion of Europe’s overseas empires and the transitions to capitalism within Europe were differentiated moments within the geographicalexpansion of commodity production and exchange – what I call the commodityfrontier. This essay is developed in two movements. Beginning with a conceptual and methodological recasting of the historical geography of the rise of capitalism,I offer an analytical narrative that follows the early modern diaspora of silver.This account follows the political ecology of silver production and trade from the Andes to Spain in Braudel’s ‘second’ sixteenth century (c. 1545–1648). In highlighting the Ibero-American moment of this process in the present essay, Icontend that the spectacular reorganization of Andean space and the progressive dilapidation of Spain’s real economy not only signified the rise and demise of a trans-Atlantic, Iberian ecological regime, but also generated the historicallynecessary conditions for the unprecedented concentration of accumulation andcommodity production in the capitalist North Atlantic in the centuries thatfollowed.
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| 2. |
- Gustavsson, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe 2010.
- 2011
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Ingår i: European Neuropsychopharmacology. - Amsterdam : Elsevier BV. - 0924-977X .- 1873-7862. ; 21:10, s. 718-79
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The spectrum of disorders of the brain is large, covering hundreds of disorders that are listed in either the mental or neurological disorder chapters of the established international diagnostic classification systems. These disorders have a high prevalence as well as short- and long-term impairments and disabilities. Therefore they are an emotional, financial and social burden to the patients, their families and their social network. In a 2005 landmark study, we estimated for the first time the annual cost of 12 major groups of disorders of the brain in Europe and gave a conservative estimate of €386 billion for the year 2004. This estimate was limited in scope and conservative due to the lack of sufficiently comprehensive epidemiological and/or economic data on several important diagnostic groups. We are now in a position to substantially improve and revise the 2004 estimates. In the present report we cover 19 major groups of disorders, 7 more than previously, of an increased range of age groups and more cost items. We therefore present much improved cost estimates. Our revised estimates also now include the new EU member states, and hence a population of 514 million people.AIMS: To estimate the number of persons with defined disorders of the brain in Europe in 2010, the total cost per person related to each disease in terms of direct and indirect costs, and an estimate of the total cost per disorder and country.METHODS: The best available estimates of the prevalence and cost per person for 19 groups of disorders of the brain (covering well over 100 specific disorders) were identified via a systematic review of the published literature. Together with the twelve disorders included in 2004, the following range of mental and neurologic groups of disorders is covered: addictive disorders, affective disorders, anxiety disorders, brain tumor, childhood and adolescent disorders (developmental disorders), dementia, eating disorders, epilepsy, mental retardation, migraine, multiple sclerosis, neuromuscular disorders, Parkinson's disease, personality disorders, psychotic disorders, sleep disorders, somatoform disorders, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. Epidemiologic panels were charged to complete the literature review for each disorder in order to estimate the 12-month prevalence, and health economic panels were charged to estimate best cost-estimates. A cost model was developed to combine the epidemiologic and economic data and estimate the total cost of each disorder in each of 30 European countries (EU27+Iceland, Norway and Switzerland). The cost model was populated with national statistics from Eurostat to adjust all costs to 2010 values, converting all local currencies to Euro, imputing costs for countries where no data were available, and aggregating country estimates to purchasing power parity adjusted estimates for the total cost of disorders of the brain in Europe 2010.RESULTS: The total cost of disorders of the brain was estimated at €798 billion in 2010. Direct costs constitute the majority of costs (37% direct healthcare costs and 23% direct non-medical costs) whereas the remaining 40% were indirect costs associated with patients' production losses. On average, the estimated cost per person with a disorder of the brain in Europe ranged between €285 for headache and €30,000 for neuromuscular disorders. The European per capita cost of disorders of the brain was €1550 on average but varied by country. The cost (in billion €PPP 2010) of the disorders of the brain included in this study was as follows: addiction: €65.7; anxiety disorders: €74.4; brain tumor: €5.2; child/adolescent disorders: €21.3; dementia: €105.2; eating disorders: €0.8; epilepsy: €13.8; headache: €43.5; mental retardation: €43.3; mood disorders: €113.4; multiple sclerosis: €14.6; neuromuscular disorders: €7.7; Parkinson's disease: €13.9; personality disorders: €27.3; psychotic disorders: €93.9; sleep disorders: €35.4; somatoform disorder: €21.2; stroke: €64.1; traumatic brain injury: €33.0. It should be noted that the revised estimate of those disorders included in the previous 2004 report constituted €477 billion, by and large confirming our previous study results after considering the inflation and population increase since 2004. Further, our results were consistent with administrative data on the health care expenditure in Europe, and comparable to previous studies on the cost of specific disorders in Europe. Our estimates were lower than comparable estimates from the US.DISCUSSION: This study was based on the best currently available data in Europe and our model enabled extrapolation to countries where no data could be found. Still, the scarcity of data is an important source of uncertainty in our estimates and may imply over- or underestimations in some disorders and countries. Even though this review included many disorders, diagnoses, age groups and cost items that were omitted in 2004, there are still remaining disorders that could not be included due to limitations in the available data. We therefore consider our estimate of the total cost of the disorders of the brain in Europe to be conservative. In terms of the health economic burden outlined in this report, disorders of the brain likely constitute the number one economic challenge for European health care, now and in the future. Data presented in this report should be considered by all stakeholder groups, including policy makers, industry and patient advocacy groups, to reconsider the current science, research and public health agenda and define a coordinated plan of action of various levels to address the associated challenges.RECOMMENDATIONS: Political action is required in light of the present high cost of disorders of the brain. Funding of brain research must be increased; care for patients with brain disorders as well as teaching at medical schools and other health related educations must be quantitatively and qualitatively improved, including psychological treatments. The current move of the pharmaceutical industry away from brain related indications must be halted and reversed. Continued research into the cost of the many disorders not included in the present study is warranted. It is essential that not only the EU but also the national governments forcefully support these initiatives.
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| 3. |
- Martin, Roman, et al.
(författare)
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Innovation in symbolic industries : the geography and organization of knowledge sourcing
- 2011
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Ingår i: European Planning Studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0965-4313 .- 1469-5944. ; 19:7, s. 1183-1203
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper deals with geographical and organizational patterns of knowledge flows in the media industry of southern Sweden, an industry that is characterized by a strong ?symbolic? knowledge base. The aim is to address the question of the local versus the non-local as the prime arena for knowledge exchange, and to examine the organizational patterns of knowledge sourcing with specific attention paid to the nature of the knowledge sourced. Symbolic industries draw heavily on creative production and a cultural awareness that is strongly embedded in the local context; thus knowledge flows and networks are expected to be most of all locally configured, and firms to rely on less formalized knowledge sources rather than scientific knowledge or principles. Based on structured and semi-structured interviews with firm representatives, these assumptions are empirically assessed through social network analysis and descriptive statistics. Our findings show that firms rely above all on knowledge that is generated in project work through learning-by-doing and by interaction with other firms in localized networks.
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| 4. |
- Martin, Roman, et al.
(författare)
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Regional innovation Policy Beyond 'Best practice': Lessons from Sweden
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of the Knowledge Economy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1868-7865 .- 1868-7873. ; 2:4, s. 550-568
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper deals with policy measures in the regional innovation system of Scania, Southern Sweden. Focus is on the innovation policy requirements of actors representing industries that draw on different knowledge bases. Previous studies have identified profound industry-specific differences concerning the organisation of knowledge sourcing between firms and other actors. In correspondence with these findings, industries are also expected to vary with regard to how policy measures aiming to support innovation are perceived and implemented. Still, there is a tendency among regional policy programmes to base their strategies on one ‘best practice’ model, inspired by successful (or sometimes less successful) cases in other parts of the world. Here, regional policy initiatives targeting three distinct industries in Scania, namely life science, food and moving media, are discussed, in particular their ability to meet the specific needs and demands of firms in these industries. The findings reveal that the existing initiatives are customized on a rather generic level and not sufficiently fine-tuned to the particular needs and demands of the respective actors. Policies are recommended to take the specific characteristics of the industrial knowledge base into account in order to provide appropriate support and to become an effective part of the institutional framework of the regional innovation system.
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| 5. |
- Milestad, Rebecka, et al.
(författare)
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Essential multiple functions of farms in rural communities and landscapes
- 2011
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Ingår i: Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. - 1742-1705 .- 1742-1713. ; 26:2, s. 137-148
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As farms are consolidated into larger operations and small farms close down for economic reasons, rural areas lose ecological, social and economic functions related to farming. Biodiversity and scenic, open-vista landscapes are lost as fields are left unmanaged. Social and economic benefits such as local job opportunities and meeting places disappear. Four Swedish rural communities were examined to increase our understanding of the functions that a diverse agriculture provides and which of these are lost as farms cease operation and overall rural social capital is depleted. Workshops and interviews with village action groups and with farmers were carried out. Both groups identified key functions from farming that are important to the rural community, such as production of food and fiber, businesses and jobs, human services, local security, ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling and biodiversity, and functions pertaining to quality of life. Several ways in which village action groups can support agriculture were identified that current industrial agriculture and even agri-environmental schemes fail to achieve. These include organizing local meeting places, encouraging local processing and consumption and supporting farmers in their work. We conclude that agriculture and village action groups match well in community development and that policies supporting this match would be useful.
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| 6. |
- Larson, Mia
(författare)
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Innovation and Creativity in Festival Organisations
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1936-8623 .- 1936-8631. ; 20:3, s. 287-310
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study contributes to understanding processes of innovation and creativity in festival organizations. The focus is on the internal work of renewing the festival. Three case studies of Swedish festival organizations demonstrate how festival workers attempt to renew the festival product. Processes of renewal include various ways of encouraging new ideas and creative solutions, such as brainstorming, imitation of similar products, and influences from the external environment. Two main processes of renewal were identified: institutionalized and emergent. The study further elaborated on the emergent process of renewal, thus identifying incremental and improvised renewal. Different factors contributing to or hindering innovations were distinguished; the demands of potential visitors, the management's view on renewal, the team's view on renewal, the organizational culture, and change of managers and staff.
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| 7. |
- Lindholm Dahlstrand, Åsa, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Innovative entrepreneurship policy : linking innovation and entrepreneurship in a European context
- 2010
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Ingår i: Annals of Innovation & Entrepreneurship. - Järfälla : CoAction Publishing. - 2000-7396. ; 1:1, s. 5602-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today it is a well-established fact that small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are important for economic growth and renewal. The ‘carrying out of new combinations’ may, however, have less to do with the size of a firm or organization, instead ‘newness’ in the form of innovation and entrepreneurship has again caught the attention of many academics and policymakers. Even so it is argued in this paper that the two areas of innovation policy a d entrepreneurship policy (both relatively recent as distinct policy areas) are seldom integrated and the concept of ‘innovative entrepreneurship policy’ has not yet fully emerged. This paper attempts to make a bridge between and integrate innovation and entrepreneurship policy. The paper presents an overview of innovation and entrepreneurship policies as derivatives of other policy areas, hinting at why it might be problematic to integrate an innovative entrepreneurship policy into existing policy areas. It is argued that public policy promoting innovation and economic growth must also involve instruments promoting entrepreneurship. Since this task is not easily accomplished, the concept of an Innovative entrepreneurship policy is also introduced in the discussion. It is argued that policies in favor of ‘innovative’ entrepreneurship should be considered in the context of a ‘holistic’ entrepreneurship policy framework. For innovative entrepreneurship to be able to fully contribute to economic growth and development it is suggested that its importance will need to be further acknowledged in innovation as well as entrepreneurship policies.
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| 8. |
- Söderholm, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
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Governing the transition to low-carbon futures: A critical survey of energy scenarios for 2050
- 2011
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Ingår i: Futures. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-3287 .- 1873-6378. ; 43:10, s. 1105-1116
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a growing scientific consensus that limiting the increase in global average temperature to around 2 C above pre-industrial levels is necessary to avoid unacceptable impact on the climate system. This requires that the developed countries' emissions are radically reduced during the next 40 years. Energy scenario studies provide insights on the societal transitions that might be implied by such low-carbon futures, and in this paper we discuss how a greater attention to different governance and institutional issues can complement future scenario exercises. The analysis is based on a critical review of 20 quantitative and qualitative scenario studies, all of relevance for meeting long-term climate policy objectives. The paper: (a) analyzes some key differences in energy technology mixes and primary energy use patterns across these studies; (b) briefly explores the extent and the nature of the societal challenges and policy responses implied; and (c) discusses a number of important implications for the design and scope of future scenario studies. Our review shows that in previous scenario studies the main attention is typically paid to analyzing the impact of well-defined and uniform policy instruments, while fewer studies factor in the role of institutional change in achieving different energy futures. We therefore point towards a number of strategies of integrating issues of transition governance into future scenario analyses, and argue for a closer synthesis of qualitative and quantitative scenario building. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 9. |
- Hasson, Henna, et al.
(författare)
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A comparative study of nursing staff, care recipients' and their relatives' perceptions of quality of older people care
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Journal of Older People Nursing. - : Wiley. - 1748-3735 .- 1748-3743. ; 5:1, s. 5-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. Comparisons of different stakeholders’ ratings of the quality of older people care can help to drive quality improvement. Aim. The aim was to compare staff, older care recipients’ and their relatives’ quality of care ratings. Design. Cross-sectional questionnaire surveys in 2003 and 2004, using a repeated measures design on an organizational level. Methods. Nursing staff, care recipients and relatives in two older people care organizations were included. The ratings of an overall quality grade, information, activities, general care and staff skills were compared between the respondent groups. Results. Care recipients in both organizations rated the overall quality grade significantly higher than nursing staff and relatives. Staff ratings of the information given to care recipients were significantly more positive than care recipients’ and relatives’ ratings. All three groups gave lowest ratings to the quality of activities offered to care recipients, with lowest ratings from nursing staff. Conclusions. Concurrent measurements of staff, care recipients and relatives’ care quality perceptions can provide a broad evaluation of an organization’s strength and limitations. Relevance to clinical practice. Staff, care recipients’ and relatives’ perceptions can be useful for older people care organizations and decision makers in developing care processes and outcomes of care.
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| 10. |
- Rooth, Dan-Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Education–occupation mismatch : Is there an income penalty?
- 2010
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Ingår i: Economics of Education Review. - : Elsevier. - 0272-7757 .- 1873-7382. ; 29:6, s. 1047-1059
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper adds to the sparse literature on the consequences of education–occupation mismatches. It examines the income penalty for field of education–occupation mismatches for men and women with higher education degrees in Sweden and reveals that the penalty for such mismatches is large for both men and women. For mismatched men the income penalty is about twice as large as that found for US men, whereas for women the penalty is of about the same size as for US women. Controlling for cognitive ability further establishes that the income penalty is not caused by a sorting by ability, at least for Swedish men. The income penalty for men decreases with work experience, which is an indication that education-specific skills and work experience are substitutes to some extent.
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