| 1. |
- Åslund, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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How important is access to jobs? : Old question—improved answer
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Geography. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1468-2702 .- 1468-2710. ; 10:3, s. 389-422
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the impact of job proximity on individual employment and earnings. The analysis exploits a Swedish refugee dispersal policy to obtain exogenous variation in individual locations. Using very detailed data on the exact location of all residences and workplaces in Sweden, we find that having been placed in a location with poor job access in 1990–1991 adversely affected employment in 1999. Doubling the number of jobs in the initial location in 1990–1991 is associated with 2.9 percentage points higher employment probability in 1999. Considering that the 1999 employment rate was 43% among the refugees, this is a considerable effect. The analysis suggests that residential sorting leads to underestimation of the impact of job access.
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| 2. |
- Ballester, Coralio, et al.
(författare)
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DELINQUENT NETWORKS
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of the European Economic Association. - 1542-4766 .- 1542-4774. ; 8:1, s. 34-61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Delinquents are embedded in a network of relationships. Each delinquent decides in a noncooperative way how much delinquency effort he will exert. We characterize the Nash equilibrium and derive an optimal enforcement policy, called the key-player policy. We then extend our characterization of optimal single player network removal to optimal group removal, the key group. We also characterize and derive a policy that targets links rather than players. Finally, we endogenize the network connecting delinquents by allowing players to join the labor market instead of committing delinquent offenses. The key-player policy turns out to be much more complex because it depends on wages and on the structure of the network. (JEL: A14, C72, K42, L14)
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| 3. |
- Battu, Harminder, et al.
(författare)
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OPPOSITIONAL IDENTITIES AND EMPLOYMENT FOR ETHNIC MINORITIES : EVIDENCE FROM ENGLAND
- 2010
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Ingår i: Economic Journal. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0013-0133 .- 1468-0297. ; 120:542, s. f52-F71
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Where a community or group is socially excluded from a dominant group, some individuals of that group may identify with the dominant culture and others may reject that culture. The aim of this article is to investigate this issue by empirically analysing the potential trade-off for ethnic minorities between sticking to their own roots and labour market success. We find that the social environment of individuals and attachments to culture of origin has a strong association with identity choice. Our results also suggest that those non-whites who have preferences that accord with being 'oppositional' do experience an employment penalty.
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| 4. |
- Gautier, Pieter A., et al.
(författare)
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Car ownership and the labor market of ethnic minorities
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 67:3, s. 392-403
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We show how initial wealth differences between low-skilled minorities and white workers can generate differences in their labor-market outcomes. This even occurs in the absence of a taste for discrimination against ethnic minorities or exogenous differences in distance to jobs. Because of the initial wealth difference, minorities cannot afford to buy a car while whites can. Car ownership allows whites to reach more jobs per unit of time, which gives them a better bargaining position in the labor market. As a result, in equilibrium, ethnic minorities end up with both higher unemployment rates and lower wages than whites. Furthermore, we also show that it takes more time for minorities to reach their jobs even though they travel less miles when employed. Those predictions are consistent with the data. Better access to capital markets or better public transportation will reduce the differences in labor-market outcomes.
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| 5. |
- Koenig, Michael D., et al.
(författare)
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FROM ASSORTATIVE TO DISSORTATIVE NETWORKS : THE ROLE OF CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS
- 2010
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Ingår i: Advances in Complex Systems. - 0219-5259. ; 13:4, s. 483-499
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We consider a dynamic model of network formation where agents form and sever links based on the centrality of their potential partners. We show that the existence of capacity constrains in the amount of links an agent can maintain introduces a transition from dissortative to assortative networks. This effect can shed light on the distinction between technological and social networks as it gives a simple mechanism explaining how and why this transition occurs.
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| 6. |
- Zenou, Yves, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Job Contact Networks and the Ethnic Minorities
- 2011
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Ingår i: Labour Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0927-5371 .- 1879-1034. ; 18:1, s. 48-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using data from the UK Quarterly Labor Force Survey, this paper examines the job finding methods of different ethnic groups in the UK. Our empirical findings suggest that, though personal networks are a popular method of finding a job for the ethnic minorities, the foreign born and those who identify themselves as non-British, they are not necessarily the most effective either in terms of gaining employment or in terms of the level of job achieved. However, there are some important differences across ethnic groups with some groups losing out disproportionately from using personal networks.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Bisin, Alberto, et al.
(författare)
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Ethnic Identity and Labor-Market Outcomes of Immigrants in Europe
- 2011
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Ingår i: Economic Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0266-4658 .- 1468-0327. ; 26:65, s. 57-92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the relationship between ethnic identity and labour market outcomes of non-EU immigrants in Europe. Using the European Social Survey, we find that there is a penalty to be paid for immigrants with a strong identity. Being a first generation immigrant leads to a penalty of about 17% while second-generation immigrants have a probability of being employed that is not statistically different from that of natives. However, when they have a strong identity, second-generation immigrants have a lower chance of finding a job than natives. Our analysis also reveals that the relationship between ethnic identity and employment prospects may depend on the type of integration and labour market policies implemented in the country where the immigrant lives. More flexible labour markets help immigrants to access the labour market but do not protect those who have a strong ethnic identity.
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| 9. |
- Patacchini, Eleonora, et al.
(författare)
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Neighborhood effects and parental involvement in the intergenerational transmission of education
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of regional science. - : Wiley. - 0022-4146 .- 1467-9787. ; 51:5, s. 987-1013
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyze the intergenerational transmission of education focusing on the interplay between family and neighborhood effects. We develop a theoretical model suggesting that both neighborhood quality and parental effort are of importance for the education attained by children. This model proposes a mechanism explaining why and how they are of importance, distinguishing between high- and low-educated parents. We then bring this model to the data using a longitudinal dataset in Britain. The available information on social housing in big cities allows us to identify the role of neighborhood in educational outcomes. We find that the better the quality of the neighborhood, the higher is the parents' involvement in their children's education. A novel finding with respect to previous U.S. studies is that family is of importance for children with highly educated parents while it is the community that is crucial for the educational achievement of children from low-educated families.
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| 10. |
- Zenou, Yves, 1961-
(författare)
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Rural-urban Migration and Unemployment : Theory and Policy Implications
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of regional science. - : Wiley. - 0022-4146 .- 1467-9787. ; 51:1, s. 65-82
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We develop a regional model where, in the city, unemployment prevails because of too high (efficiency) wages, while, in the rural area, workers are paid at their marginal productivity. We characterize the steady-state equilibrium and show that it is unique. We then consider two policies: decreasing urban unemployment benefits and subsidizing urban employment. We find that decreasing the unemployment benefit in the city creates urban jobs and reduces rural-urban migration since new migrants have to spend some time unemployed before they can find a job in the city. On the other hand, raising employment subsidies increases urban employment but may also increase urban unemployment because it triggers more rural-urban migration. In this respect, the employment subsidy policy can backfire by raising rather than reducing urban unemployment.
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