| 1. |
- Hedberg, Peter, 1967-
(författare)
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Handeln och betalningarna mellan Sverige och Tyskland 1934-1945 : Den svensk-tyska clearingepoken ur ett kontraktsekonomiskt perspektiv
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this thesis has been to analyse the managing of risks, insecurities and transactions costs that deterred economic exchange during the 1930’s and the 1940’s, within the Swedish-German bilateral clearing system, from a Swedish contractual theoretical perspective. In this thesis it has been shown that the clearing agreement was put in practice in 1934, on initiative of Sweden. In the agreement financial issues associated with risks and insecurities were to be reduced by formalising rules for the economic exchange. The basic principle was that Germany regularly had a trade surplus in relation to Sweden. The surplus was used for re-building the Reichsbank’s monetary reserves, as well as payments on financial claims. The agreement was designed in an incomplete way, to be adjusted ad hoc in a trial and error process. As both parties had different interests, they had to make concessions in order to sustain the clearing system. This was also reflected in the design of the agreement, which evolved from an incomplete to a specific, detailed agreement, due to the increasing risks and insecurities that had to be dealt with. The clearing system was ideal for wartime conditions since it maintained trade flows. It also became a line of defence: specific agreements allowed the dominant Germany less scope to assert preferential rights of interpretation of the rules and regulations. When the war intensified it was difficult for Germany to carry out its commitments to Sweden, and the Swedish party found reasons to distrust the German economy, which was entering a recession. At the same time Allied forces strengthened their political influence, and the victors would become the leaders of the future international economy. Sweden made a gradual exit from the clearing system, delivering the agreed upon exports to Germany, while keeping the Allied negotiators informed of the process. The Swedish-German clearing system collapsed in spring 1945.
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| 4. |
- Hedberg, Peter, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Open for Welfare : Openness to Trade and Social Spending in the West, 1920–1990
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Openness to trade promotes economic growth and reduces poverty. In terms of its impact on welfare policies it has been said on the hand to reduced social spending, and on the other hand it has been argued that small open economies in Europe have opted for redistributive economic policies. In this paper we aim to test the hypothesis of whether economic openness has actually led to increased social spending. We do this with a sample of 20 countries from Europe, North America, and Oceania between 1920 and 1990. It was during this time when social spending increased dramatically and openness rapidly rose following its collapse during WWII. We divide the countries into small and large economies, in order to test Peter Katzenstein’s hypothesis, but we also suggest that important differences can be found between regions/political economies. We find that countries in Southern Europe were both less open during this period and also had a lower degree of social spending compared to Northern and Western Europe. However, we find little statistically significant evidence that openness had a major positive impact on social spending. Rather, it seems that openness was strongly correlated with economic growth, which itself seems to be a better predictor of social spending.
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| 5. |
- Häggqvist, Henric, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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240 years of Swedish terms of trade : structure, volatility, and connection to economic growth
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper we present new foreign trade- and price data to analyze Swedish terms of trade in the very long run, from 1780 to 2018. We examine what influenced the trend in the terms of trade in the long run, particularly in how it related to the general trade structure. We also analyze the volatility of the terms of trade, and discuss how it might have affected economic growth in Sweden. The index improved slowly but substantially over the century from 1850 to 1950, which was likely connected to another poignant trend, a steadily increasing share of manufactures and finished goods in the export basket. In comparative perspective, Sweden had more industrial exports and lower export concentration than most of the rest of the European periphery, as well as much lower terms of trade volatility. We find that the growth trend and low volatility of Swedish terms of trade was positively connected with economic growth, but only really so from about 1850 to 1913. During this period the development of the terms of trade was particularly connected to increasing investment in new industries. The years from 1914 to 1960 were on the other hand characterized by high volatility in the terms of trade, and was still connected to high growth rates, such as during the interwar period. Hence, we conclude that while low volatility was connected to the onset of Swedish industrialization, it was also possible to maintain high growth rates during periods of high terms of trade volatility.
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| 7. |
- Lönnborg, Mikael, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Swedish Insurance Institutions and Efficiency, 1920-1980
- 2020. - 1
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Ingår i: Risk and the Insurance Business in History. - Madrid : Fundación Mapfre. - 9788498447538 ; , s. 157-177
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- According to previous research, the insurance market accounted for a key role in the welfare policies in post war, corporatist Sweden. It became the norm that 16 insurance should be distributed in a similar way to all public utilities. However, since the industry was considered to be too decentralised and too market oriented to meet the requirements of serving the public, new regulations were introduced. Shortly thereafter, the new legislation developed oligopolistic features, which are commonly associated with inefficiency problems. Was the regulation successful in light of its purpose? By quantifying the asset flows, we examine the impact of the regulation on the market structure, the market efficiency, and the market profitability of the Swedish insurance industry.
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| 9. |
- Eloranta, Jari, et al.
(författare)
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Introduction
- 2018
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Ingår i: Small and Medium Powers in Global History. - New York : Routledge. - 9781138744547
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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