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- Lundh, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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Regional Wages in Sweden 1860-1914
- 2004
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Ingår i: Wage Formation, Labour Market Institutions and Economic Transformation in Sweden 1860-2000. ; 32
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Josephson, Camilla
(författare)
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Growth and Business Cycles -Swedish Manufacturing Industry 1952-2001
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study shows that the mechanisms behind knowledge accumulation and the sources of productivity growth differ from industry to industry depending on what is produced and what technology is used. Although it is apparent to most researchers in the field that the only way to explain long-run growth in output per capita is through technological progress and accumulation of knowledge that counteract the dampening effect of diminishing returns, we are still in the dark about how such mechanisms operate. By focusing on the importance of separating industrial sectors with different methods of production and thereby including the possibility of TFP reflecting various growth mechanisms for diverse industries, this thesis tries to rethink the history of productivity growth in the Swedish manufacturing industry. A unique dataset, for the period 1952 to 2001, makes it possible to distinguish labour-intensive, capital-intensive and knowledge-intensive industries. Analysing the cointegration VAR model means that the sources of long-run productivity growth and business cycles are treated as separate yet interdependent issues. We show that, by applying relevant economic theory to representative data and using advanced econometric methods, it is feasible to test a variety of theoretical assumptions about endogenous growth on appropriate data. In so doing, we establish the important role of opportunity costs in allocating investments among various ways of accumulating knowledge. Since resources are scarce, investment in one form of knowledge accumulation takes place at the expense of another, which in turn has important implications for business cycles. We obtained the following results: the highest rate of knowledge accumulation was attained in industries using technologically advanced production processes and/or manufacturing technologically advanced goods. Business cycles reflect the sum of simultaneous productivity increases and productivity losses as altering opportunity costs allocated investments among knowledge-accumulating and/or growth-generating mechanisms. The productivity slowdown in 1975 was not as severe in all sectors; nor was the catch-up in the 1990s as strong in all industries. The concept of past-dependent knowledge accumulation giving rise to locked-in expertise, and rapidly falling rates of learning on aged techniques and old products, is put forward as the main explanations for why the severest productivity slowdown and failure to adjust to new economic conditions took place in capital-intensive industry. Rapidly increasing knowledge accumulation and monopoly profits explains why the '1975-crisis' hit knowledge- intensive industry the least, and why this industry showed the greatest catch-up between 1992 and 2001.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Kander, Astrid, et al.
(författare)
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The Energy-Capital Relation, Sweden 1870-2000
- 2007
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Ingår i: Structural Change and Economic Dynamics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0954-349X. ; 18:3, s. 291-305
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores short and long-run changes in the energy to capital relation. The K/E ratio is calculated for Sweden 1870–2000, at the national, industrial and branch levels. A basic result is a substantial long-run increase in the K/E ratio which is positively correlated with the relative price pE/pK. The price response is stronger in energy intensive industries than in labour intensive industries. By considering the useful work (energy services) provided by energy sources, estimated using an aggregate measure of thermodynamic efficiencies, we can conclude, however, that energy services and capital have developed fairly evenly over the 20th century and thus that the long run increase in the K/E ratio depends on embodied biased technical change. From a natural resource and environmental perspective it is clear that the economy has managed to cope with relatively less energy over time, but with a stationary (near constant) capital to energy services ratio. From a growth perspective our results indicate high complementarity between energy services and capital.
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| 10. |
- Schön, Lennart
(författare)
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Technological Shifts and Convergence in a European perspective since 1950
- 2007
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Economic History Review. - 0358-5522. ; 55:3, s. 222-243
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper analyses the behaviour of convergence/divergence primarily within Western Europe and the OECD in relation to market integration and to major technological shifts such as the second and the third industrial revolution. It also relates the behaviour to traditional growth theory and endogenous growth theory as well as to historical generalisations based on structural analysis. The empirical focus is on an econometric analysis of convergence/divergence since 1950 in order to develop measures of these forces as continuous processes over time. The analysis indicates trend shifts from convergence to divergence with the appearance of stronger divergent forces in combination with the major technological shifts. There is as well a cyclical variation between divergence/convergence from the 1970s. It also indicates a pronounced structural divergence from 1990 in combination with accelerated growth in mainly English-speaking economies.
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