| 1. |
- Sandin, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Technology neutrality and regulation of agricultural biotechnology
- 2018
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Ingår i: Professionals in food chains: ethics, rules and responsibility. EurSafe 2018, Vienna, Austria 13 – 16 June 2018 / edited by: Svenja Springer, Herwig Grimm. - Wageningen, Netherlands : Wageningen Academic Publishers. - 9789086863211
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Agricultural biotechnology, in particular genetically modified organisms (GMOs), is subject to regulation in many areas of the world, not least in the European Union (EU). A number of authors have argued that those regulatory processes are unfair, costly, and slow and that regulation therefore should move in the direction of increased ‘technology neutrality’. The issue is becoming more pressing, especially since new biotechnologies such as CRISPR increasingly blur the regulatory distinction between GMOs and non-GMOs. This paper offers a definition of technology neutrality, uses the EU GMO regulation as a starting point for exploring technology neutrality, and presents distinctions between variants of the call for technology neutral GMO regulation in the EU.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Sandin, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Technology Neutrality in European Regulation of GMOs
- 2022
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Ingår i: Ethics, Policy & Environment. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2155-0085 .- 2155-0093. ; 1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objections to the current EU regulatory system on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in terms of high cost and lack of consistency, speed and scientific underpinning have prompted proposals for a more technology-neutral system. We sketch the conceptual background of the notion of ‘technology neutrality’ and propose a refined definition of the term. The proposed definition implies that technology neutrality of a regulatory system is a gradual and multidimensional feature. We use the definition to analyze two regulatory reform proposals: One proposal from the Netherlands for improving the exemption mechanism for GMOs under Directive 2001/18/EC, and one from the Norwegian Biotechnology Advisory Board, outlining a new stratified risk assessment procedure. While both proposals offer some degree of improved technology neutrality in some dimensions compared to current EU regulation, in some extents and dimensions, they do not. We conclude that proposals for more technology-neutral regulation of GMOs need, first, to make explicit to what extent and in what dimensions the proposal improves neutrality and, second, to present arguments supporting that these specific improvements constitute desirable policy change against the background of objections to current policy.
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| 4. |
- Eriksson, Dennis, et al.
(författare)
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Options to Reform the European Union Legislation on GMOs : Post-authorization and Beyond
- 2020
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Ingår i: Trends in Biotechnology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-7799 .- 1879-3096. ; 38:5, s. 465-467
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We discuss options to reform the EU genetically modified organism (GMO) regulatory framework, make risk assessment and decision-making more consistent with scientific principles, and lay the groundwork for international coherence. In this third of three articles, we focus on labeling and coexistence as well as discuss the political reality and potential ways forward.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Söderlund, Kasia, et al.
(författare)
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Regulating high-reach AI : On transparencydirections in the Digital Services Act
- 2024
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Ingår i: Internet Policy Review. - Berlin : Internet Policy Review, Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society. - 2197-6775. ; 13:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- By introducing the concept of high-reach AI, this paper focuses on AI systems whose widespread use may generate significant risks for both individuals and societies. While some of those risks have been recognised under the AI Act, we analyse the rules laid down by the Digital Services Act (DSA) for recommender systems used by dominant social media platforms as a prominent example of high-reach AI. Specifically, we examine transparency provisions aimed at addressing adverse effects of these AI technologies employed by social media very large online platforms (VLOPs). Drawing from AI transparency literature, we analyse DSA transparency measures through the conceptual lens of horizontal and vertical transparency. Our analysis indicates that while the DSA incorporates transparency provisions in both dimensions, the most progressive amendments emerge within the vertical transparency, for instance, by the introduction of the systemic risk assessment mechanism. However, we argue that the true impact of the new transparency provisions extends beyond their mere existence, emphasising the critical role of oversight entities in implementation and application of the DSA. Overall, this study highlights the paramount importance of vertical transparency in providing a comprehensive understanding of the aggregated risks associated with high-reach AI technologies, exemplified by social media recommender systems.
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| 7. |
- Botha, Elise M., 1983-
(författare)
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A means to an end : Using political satire to go viral
- 2014
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Ingår i: Public Relations Review. - : Elsevier. - 0363-8111 .- 1873-4537. ; 40:2, s. 363-374
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the rise of video sharing giants like Youtube and Google Video, coupled with increased broadband connectivity and improved sharing functionality across social networking sites, the role of the viral video has been cemented in many IMC strategies. While most agree about the importance of better understanding viral marketing, there is less agreement about what makes content become viral. While some content gets viewed by millions of people, others struggle to gain viral traction. Content specific, intrapersonal and interpersonal reasons have been proposed for viral marketing success. This paper' focuses on the intrapersonal reasons for content going viral in the context of political satire. More specifically, the role of emotion in the spread of content online, is investigated. Political satire focuses on gaining entertainment from politics. Satire, and specifically political satire, forms part of using humour in advertising and has been influential in shifting public opinion since ancient Greece. This study compares success and unsuccessful viral campaigns that used political satire, by first analysing the online comments that viewers made about the video. Following these findings, an experiment is conducted and the influence of intensity, creativity, humour and utility on virality is modelled, controlling for valence and previous exposure. The findings suggest that, when using political satire in viral campaigns, creativity and the intensity of the emotions felt are key influencing factors in whether videos get "shared" or "liked". Therefore, while many authors contend that particular emotions or positive content has a greater likelihood to become viral, this paper shows that it is not the particular emotion, but the intensity with which that emotion was felt that drives viral success.
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| 8. |
- Lindahl, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Intermediaries and intervenients in normative systems
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Logic. - : Elsevier BV. - 1570-8683 .- 1570-8691. ; 6:2, s. 229-250
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many concepts in legal texts are “intermediaries”, in the sense that they serve as links between statements of legal grounds, on one hand, and of legal consequences, on the other. In our paper, an algebraic representation of normative systems is used for distinguishing between different kinds of intermediaries and making the idea of a joining between grounds and consequences more precise. In Section 1, the idea of intermediaries is presented and earlier discussions of the subjects are outlined. In Section 2, we introduce the algebraic framework and develop the formal theory. After introducing our approach to the representation of a normative system, we here present a theory of “intervenients”, seen as a tool for analysing intermediaries. In Section 3, dealing with applications, after presenting a model of the formal theory, suited for the analysis of concepts in normative systems, we apply the theory to a number of examples, introduced in the first part. Finally, in Section 4, we make some remarks on the methodology of intermediate concepts.
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| 9. |
- Söderqvist, Tore, et al.
(författare)
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Metrics for environmental compensation: A comparative analysis of Swedish municipalities
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 299, s. 113622-113622
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Environmental compensation (EC) aims at addressing environmental losses due to development projects and involves a need to compare development losses with compensation gains using relevant metrics. A conceptual procedure for computing no net loss is formulated and used as a point of departure for a comparative analysis of metrics used by five Swedish municipalities as a part of their EC implementation in the spatial planning context of detailed development plans. While Swedish law does not require EC in this context, these municipalities have still decided to introduce EC requirements for development projects that occur on municipality-owned land and to promote voluntary EC among private actors in development projects on private land.There is substantial variation across the municipalities studied with respect to both metrics and attributes subject to measurement, but there are also similarities: The attributes considered when assessing the need for EC in conjunction with development are not only about nature per se, but also about recreational opportunities and other types ecosystem services; semi-quantitative metrics such as scores are common while quantitative or monetary metrics are rare; and metrics are rarely applied to assess compensatory gains, focusing instead on losses from development. Streamlining across municipalities might be warranted for increasing predictability and transparency for developers and citizens, but it also introduces considerable challenges such as a need for developing consistent guidelines for semi-quantitative metrics, and to handle substitutability issues if metrics are not only applied on individual attributes but also on groups of attributes.The broad scope of attributes used by the municipalities is in line with an international tendency to broaden EC to include not only biodiversity aspects but also ecosystem services. Moreover, the EC systems applied by the municipalities are of particular importance for highlighting the crucial role of environmental management for maintaining and enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem services not only in areas having formal protection status but also in the everyday landscape. The municipalities’ experience and strengths and weaknesses associated with their EC systems are therefore relevant also in an international perspective.
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| 10. |
- Dahlberg, Leif
(författare)
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Emotional Tropes in the Courtroom : On Representation of Affect and Emotion in Legal Court Proceedings
- 2009
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Ingår i: Nordic Theatre Studies. - Oxford : Hart. - 0904-6380 .- 2002-3898. ; 3:2, s. 175-205
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emotional Tropes in the Courtroom: On Representation of Affect and Emotion in Legal Court Proceedings The modern legal courtroom is a peculiar place. Like the theatre it is a space open for many kinds of drama, verbal re-enactments of events and forced resolutions of human conflicts. There are often strong emotions at play in the courtroom: desire and love, jealousy and anger, but also sadness and remorse, fear and suffering. These emotions are controlled and tempered by the physical design of the courtroom, by legal procedure and the rule-bound rationality of law, but also by the serious attitude of the judge(s) and lay judges. Although in legal proceedings the parties are restrained from giving voice to emotions, in reality feelings and affects show through: in glances, timber of voice, flushes, crying, laughter and smell of sweat. The expressions of emotion and affect may be involuntary or staged, but in either case they are very much part of what is said and done in the courtroom. However, in the legal representation of court proceedings in the transcripts and the rulings these human emotions and affects become invisible, the emotions have been filtered away or have sunk to the bottom of legal space. In my essay I explore the peculiar emotive social space constructed and enacted in the courtroom, in particular the ambiguous attitude towards human emotions in law: on the one hand as disturbing and dangerous, and on the other as the true basis of human character and social conflict. The study is based on an ethnographic study of the lower level court in Stockholm (Stockholms tingsreitt). The study is part of a larger study on "Legal Spaces. The construction and representation of legal spaces in law, literature and political philosophy."
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