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- Fogdestam Agius, Maria, 1981-
(författare)
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Interaction and Delimitation of International Legal Orders
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation concerns developments in international law which are occurring as a result of a coexistence of different regimes for adjudication. It traces the processes through which a treaty regime may develop into an autonomous legal order and considers the formation of relationships between international tribunals operating in regime contexts that embed certain values, political ideals and structural biases.For these purposes, a substantial selection of cases, primarily from EU law, WTO law and international environmental law, are analysed from several points of view.The cases reviewed are those that cross-refer to rulings of other courts or to general international law or other international treaty regimes, either for application or for guidance for what is labelled ‘extrinsically informed interpretation’.References are qualitatively analysed with regard to the legal basis for invoking extraneous norms, the criteria for selecting extrinsic norms by which to be influenced, and the potential impact this has on the rules intrinsic to the regime.Perspectives include jurisdictional limitations placed on dispute settlement bodies set up under regimes and constraints as to the choice of applicable law or the influences that may legitimately be factored into legal interpretation; the perceived role of the court as tasked with the continuous development of a legal discipline, or as merely providing dispute resolution; and the tools available to judicial bodies to confine their delineation of the dispute and the legal solutions to it to its own legal order, by distinguishing or declare redundant references to extrinsic norms or judgments.The various connotations attached to the concept of a ‘self-contained regime’ are critiqued, as are the existing approaches to resolving issues arising from the ‘fragmentation’ of international law.Important analytical aspects are sovereign consent, the uncoordinated formats for international law-making and the role of courts and tribunals in fixating relationships of priority between international legal orders.Finally, the implications of this complex web of legal interrelationship at regime level are discussed in terms of the formation of meta-principles for regulating regime relationships and the repercussions for how we perceive of agency, authority and legitimacy in international law.
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- Longworth, Sally Alexandra, 1983-
(författare)
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Freedom of expression in armed conflict : The silence between spaces
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis investigates the relationship between international human rights law (IHRL) and international humanitarian law (IHL) in regards to the right to freedom of expression in armed conflict. Freedom of expression is a touchstone of other human rights and a cornerstone of democracy. Digital technology, social media and the internet have enormously facilitated the exercise of this right and completely changed how societies seek, receive and share information. These changes have significant impacts in situations of armed conflict, where the stakes of ensuring access to accurate information are raised even further. However, despite significant research on the relationship between the application of IHRL and IHL during armed conflict, freedom of expression remains an underexplored area. A deeper look on a normative level at the right to freedom of expression in armed conflict reveals a dynamic relationship between IHRL and IHL. This research shows that the protection and fulfilment of the right to exercise freedom of expression under IHRL is a core mechanism for fulfilling the obligations to respect and ensure respect under IHL. In addition, IHL provides complementary protections aimed at addressing the specific vulnerabilities of the exercise of freedom of expression presented by situations of armed conflict. The IHL provisions import lessons from history that those who speak out against atrocities and violence are often silenced and that the dominance of one narrative and interest can lead to further violations of international legal standards. Recourse can therefore be made to IHRL standards in interpreting these requirements under IHL. In such circumstances, IHRL may offer individuals an opportunity to secure their rights under IHL through IHRL enforcement mechanisms where these rights are complementary to the protection of freedom of expression under IHRL. Simultaneously, the application and interpretation of the right to freedom of expression can inform the implementation of other IHL obligations that impact the exercise of freedom of expression, such as addressing the spread of misinformation as a ruse of war or where the parties to the conflict block access to the internet and other information sources. Further, the situation of armed conflict changes the context in which the right to freedom of expression may be exercised. Depending on the nature of the interference with the right and particular facts, it is necessary to refer to IHL in order to understand how the right operates in the context of armed conflict. This cross-referencing between the two bodies of law is necessary to uphold the rights contained therein and to implement the corresponding obligations coherently. Doing so reveals opportunities and solutions to address issues raised in the concurrent application of both bodies of law. That said, unless the proper balance is achieved between these overlapping norms, the protections afforded under both risk being undermined. As freedom of expression is a cornerstone of democracy, understanding the legal framework applicable to its exercise in armed conflict is essential to keep the whole house from tumbling down.
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- Ruotsi, Mikael, 1978-
(författare)
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Svensk yttrandefrihet och internationell rätt : Den grundlagsskyddade tryck- och yttrandefriheten och dess relation till Europakonventionen, EU-rätten och FN:s konvention om medborgerliga och politiska rättigheter
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In Swedish constitutional law freedom of expression is protected by three discrete constitutional acts; the Instrument of Government (IG), the Freedom of the Press Act (FPA) and the Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression (FLFE). The IG grants protection to freedom of expression on similar terms as article 10 of the ECHR, article 19 of the ICCPR and article 11 of the EU Charter. The FPA and the FLFE, on the other hand, are primarily concerned with protection of media speech and provide protection for expression which is disseminated via certain media formats (e.g. printed materials and tv and radio transmissions). The FPA and the FLFE are frequently amended to accommodate technical progress and the increasing internationalisation of Swedish internal law.The FPA and the FLFE are generally considered to provide more robust free speech protection, in comparison to what is required under international human rights standards. However, these assumptions lack solid factual support. One aim of this thesis is to explore how freedom of expression is protected under the ECHR, EU law and the ICCPR in the following areas, where the protection of the FPA and the FLFE is considered to be particularly far-reaching; censorship and prior restraints, editorial freedom, protection of journalistic sources, the right to acquire information, and the right of public employees to impart information to the media.Furthermore, this thesis aims to analyse to what extent the application and interpretation of the Swedish constitutional laws can, and ought to, be influenced by Sweden’s international obligations to protect freedom of expression – in particular under the ECHR, EU law and the ICCPR. In part, these questions are related to the Swedish dualist approach towards international law. However, the thesis is not limited to an analysis of traditional doctrines such as direct effect and consistent interpretation. It provides an in-depth exploration of the profound effects that, primarily, the ECHR and EU law have had on how individual rights are conceived of and are applied in Swedish law. One of the main arguments in this thesis is that the Swedish constitutional protection of freedom of expression ought to embrace a more coherent perception of how the right’s scope and limits are structured and interpreted.
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- Litins'ka, Yana, et al.
(författare)
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Folkrätten i svensk medicinsk rätt
- 2024
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Ingår i: Folkrätten i svensk rätt: Ett nytt decennium. - 9789144159508 ; , s. 263-283
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Medicinsk rätt är ett brett rättsområde som behandlar juridiska aspekter på medicinsk verksamhet av olika slag. Historiskt har regleringen av medicinsk verksamhet fokuserat på nationella utmaningar. Krig och kriser har blivit viktiga väckarklockor för internationalisering av medicinsk rätt och skapandet av folkrättsliga regler på området. Behovet att skydda skadade personer under krig, liksom medicinsk personal, har uttryckts i normer för internationell humanitär rätt. För att begränsa spridningen av vissa infektionssjukdomar i Europa upprättades år 1892 ett internationellt fördrag som standardiserade reglerna för karantän. En ny varning om behovet av att hantera medicinskrättsliga frågor på internationell nivå uppkom i och med händelserna under andra världskriget och internationella regelverk om mänskliga rättigheter utvecklades i dess efterdyningar. Världen över uppmärksammades de hemska medicinska experiment som hade utförts utan forskningspersonernas samtycke. Som ett resultat av detta fastställde artikel 7 i FN:s internationella konvention om medborgerliga och politiska rättigheter ett förbud mot tortyr och icke-frivilliga experimentella medicinska behandlingar. Även rätten till hälsa kom direkt till uttryck i internationella konventioner efter andra världskriget. I dagsläget anses det materiella skyddet för mänskliga rättigheter öka, och majoriteten av de befintliga mänskliga rättigheterna har nära samband med frågor som adresseras inom medicinsk rätt.Detta kapitels syfte är att analysera vilken betydelse folkrätten har inom svensk medicinsk rätt. Fokus ligger på internationella mänskliga rättigheter och det internationella hälsoreglementet. Kapitlet fokuserar på den del av den medicinska rätten som behandlar relationerna mellan patienter och hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal eller vårdgivare, samt smittskyddsfrågor. Syftet med kapitlet är inte att ge en utförlig redogörelse för hur olika internationella dokument har använts inom svensk medicinsk rätt, utan att klargöra betydelsen av folkrättsliga åtaganden på ett mer övergripande sätt och spana efter trender och utvecklingslinje.
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- Winther, Pontus, 1971-
(författare)
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International Humanitarian Law and Influence Operations : The Protection of Civilians from Unlawful Communication Influence Activities during Armed Conflict
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Contemporary armed conflicts are not only fought with physical means and methods. Increasingly, in order to achieve military and political objectives, parties to armed conflicts use communication activities to influence individuals. Armed groups such as ISIS use online propaganda to instil terror and recruit new fighters to their cause. In Syria and other conflict zones, medical personnel, aid workers and journalists are subjected to verbal threats and other types of intimidation. In the conflict in Eastern Ukraine, politicians are publicly discredited by having their pictures displayed on electronic billboards and being labelled as war criminals, while civilians are misled by false messages into assisting the opposing party with identifying targets for artillery fire.At the same time, communication is also used to increase the security for civilians in armed conflict. For example, parties to armed conflicts have an obligation to issue warnings before launching attacks on military objectives that may affect the civilian population. Thus, although communication activities can be used to increase security for civilians in armed conflict, they may also cause physical and mental harm to civilians.This prompts a question of law: Where does the boundary lie between prohibited and lawful use of communication activities as a means of influencing civilians in armed conflict? The purpose of this thesis is to answer this question. It sets out to examine what protection international humanitarian law provides civilians in armed conflict in relation to communication influence activities.In the thesis, it is suggested that international humanitarian law contains a substantial—albeit fragmented—body of principles and provisions protecting civilians from harmful communication influence activities. It is further suggested that, in order to correctly define this protection, the material, personal, geographical and temporal scope of application of international humanitarian law must be properly taken into consideration.
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