| 1. |
- Klapwijk, Maartje, et al.
(författare)
-
Reducing the risk of invasive forest pests and pathogens : Combining legislation, targeted management and public awareness
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 45, s. S223-S234
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Intensifying global trade will result in increased numbers of plant pest and pathogen species inadvertently being transported along with cargo. This paper examines current mechanisms for prevention and management of potential introductions of forest insect pests and pathogens in the European Union (EU). Current European legislation has not been found sufficient in preventing invasion, establishment and spread of pest and pathogen species within the EU. Costs associated with future invasions are difficult to estimate but past invasions have led to negative economic impacts in the invaded country. The challenge is combining free trade and free movement of products (within the EU) with protection against invasive pests and pathogens. Public awareness may mobilise the public for prevention and detection of potential invasions and, simultaneously, increase support for eradication and control measures. We recommend focus on commodities in addition to pathways, an approach within the EU using a centralised response unit and, critically, to engage the general public in the battle against establishment and spread of these harmful pests and pathogens.
|
|
| 2. |
- Sandin, Per, et al.
(författare)
-
Technology neutrality and regulation of agricultural biotechnology
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Professionals in food chains: ethics, rules and responsibility. EurSafe 2018, Vienna, Austria 13 – 16 June 2018 / edited by: Svenja Springer, Herwig Grimm. - Wageningen, Netherlands : Wageningen Academic Publishers. - 9789086863211
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Agricultural biotechnology, in particular genetically modified organisms (GMOs), is subject to regulation in many areas of the world, not least in the European Union (EU). A number of authors have argued that those regulatory processes are unfair, costly, and slow and that regulation therefore should move in the direction of increased ‘technology neutrality’. The issue is becoming more pressing, especially since new biotechnologies such as CRISPR increasingly blur the regulatory distinction between GMOs and non-GMOs. This paper offers a definition of technology neutrality, uses the EU GMO regulation as a starting point for exploring technology neutrality, and presents distinctions between variants of the call for technology neutral GMO regulation in the EU.
|
|
| 3. |
- Raitio, Kaisa, et al.
(författare)
-
Mineral extraction in Swedish Sápmi : The regulatory gap between Sami rights and Sweden’s mining permitting practices
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Land use policy. - : Elsevier. - 0264-8377 .- 1873-5754. ; 99
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Sweden, extractive industries are placing increasing pressure on the traditional indigenous Sami livelihood of reindeer herding. Consequently, the intersection of indigenous rights and mining-related development in Sweden has become an increasingly contested socio-legal space. In this article, we analyse the extent to which there are meaningful opportunities for Sami reindeer herding communities in Sweden to effectively influence the permit procedures concerning proposed mines, in order to protect their rights and interests. We provide a comprehensive socio-legal analysis that highlights the weak level of recognition of Sami rights and related impact assessments within the mining permitting system in Sweden. We demonstrate the weakness is caused by several factors: an a priori assumption by Swedish authorities that reindeer herding and mining can generally co-exist; the lack of a codified Swedish State duty to consult the Sami; the narrow scope and the weak status of cumulative impact assessments in Swedish EIA legislation and practice; and the weak recognition of Sami reindeer herding as a “property right” during the permit review process under the balancing of competing land-uses. Our results highlight the urgent need for legislative reform in Sweden, if the State is to fulfil its international obligations and improve its legal consistency concerning the rights of the Sami as an indigenous people.
|
|
| 4. |
- Uggla, Ylva, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
-
Dissimilar framings of forest biodiversity preservation : Uncertainty and legal ambiguity as contributing factors
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Forest Policy and Economics. - : Elsevier. - 1389-9341 .- 1872-7050. ; 62, s. 36-42
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Controversies over forestry and environmental issues, including biodiversity, are common. Theory suggests that uncertainty may play a major role in framing biodiversity and its preservation. This paper examines written statements on biodiversity preservation published by two major Swedish organizations, i.e., the Swedish Forest Industries Federation and the Swedish Society for Nature Conservation, with different interests in forest use. Frame analysis suggests that when the actors pursue a certain policy course, both biodiversity-related uncertainty and lack of regulatory clarity are important factors contributing to dissimilar framings. This case study supports the general understanding that biodiversity-related uncertainty can have important implications for biodiversity preservation, in this case, via forest policy and legislation. Scientific uncertainty may allow actors with dissimilar interests in an issue to justify their standpoints. To successfully manage forest biodiversity in the future, legal frameworks must increasingly find ways to accommodate scientific uncertainty, and models must be developed in which stakeholders’ diverging interests and values address uncertainties via dialogue.
|
|
| 5. |
- Krabbe, Niels, et al.
(författare)
-
Reforming International Fisheries Law Can Increase Blue Carbon Sequestration
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Frontiers in Marine Science. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-7745 .- 2296-7745. ; 9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The oceans are by far the largest carbon sink and are estimated to have absorbed roughly 40 percent of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions since the beginning of the industrial era. The climate services performed by the oceans can be described as an interaction between a physical and a biological carbon pump. Whereas the role of the physical carbon pump is well established, the full scale of the climate services provided by the biological carbon pump has only recently been understood. This pump is made up of services provided by different marine species, from microbes to marine mammals. Many of these species are managed under the international law of the sea and subject to the concept of Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY). Although the MSY concept has developed since its inception, maximum generation of fish for human consumption remains the core objective according to the law of the sea. Under MSY based management, states are not required to consider the climate services represented by different marine organisms, making this regime unable to balance the interest of maximizing fish as a product against the oceans’ role in carbon sequestration. In order to make optimal use of the carbon sequestering features of marine organisms, this perspective proposes five action points. Foremost, MSY should be complemented with a new management objective: maximum carbon sequestration (MCS). Although many aspects of climate-based fisheries management remain to be explored, it appears clear that this would imply allowing stocks to recover to maintain a larger amount of biomass, increasing conservation measures for species particularly efficient in providing negative emissions, differentiation of fisheries within species as well as a new approach to ecosystem management. Climate reforming international fisheries law could make an important contribution to the operationalization of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, as well as the UN Sustainable Development Goals. As a first step, international guidelines should be developed on how to integrate the concept of maximum carbon sequestration in fisheries management.
|
|
| 6. |
- Sandin, Per, et al.
(författare)
-
Technology Neutrality in European Regulation of GMOs
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Ethics, Policy & Environment. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2155-0085 .- 2155-0093. ; 1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objections to the current EU regulatory system on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in terms of high cost and lack of consistency, speed and scientific underpinning have prompted proposals for a more technology-neutral system. We sketch the conceptual background of the notion of ‘technology neutrality’ and propose a refined definition of the term. The proposed definition implies that technology neutrality of a regulatory system is a gradual and multidimensional feature. We use the definition to analyze two regulatory reform proposals: One proposal from the Netherlands for improving the exemption mechanism for GMOs under Directive 2001/18/EC, and one from the Norwegian Biotechnology Advisory Board, outlining a new stratified risk assessment procedure. While both proposals offer some degree of improved technology neutrality in some dimensions compared to current EU regulation, in some extents and dimensions, they do not. We conclude that proposals for more technology-neutral regulation of GMOs need, first, to make explicit to what extent and in what dimensions the proposal improves neutrality and, second, to present arguments supporting that these specific improvements constitute desirable policy change against the background of objections to current policy.
|
|
| 7. |
- Klingström, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
-
Legal & ethical compliance when sharing biospecimen
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Briefings in Functional Genomics & Proteomics. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 2041-2649 .- 2041-2657. ; 17:1, s. 1-7
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- When obtaining samples from biobanks, resolving ethical and legal concerns is a time-consuming task where researchers need to balance the needs of privacy, trust and scientific progress. The Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure-large Prospective Cohorts project has resolved numerous such issues through intense ommunication between involved researchers and experts in its mission to unite large rospective study sets in Europe. To facilitate efficient communication, it is useful for onexperts to have an at least basic understanding of the regulatory systemformanaging biological samples. Laws regulating research oversight are based on national law and normally share core principles founded on international charters. In interview studies among donors, chief concerns are privacy, efficient sample utilization and access to information generated fromtheir samples. Despite a lack of clear evidence regarding which concern takes precedence, scientific as well as public discourse has largely focused on privacy concerns and the right of donors to control the usage of their samples. It is therefore important to roactively deal with ethical and legal issues to avoid complications that delay or prevent samples from being accessed. To help biobank professionals avoid making unnecessary mistakes, we have developed this basic primer covering the relationship between ethics and law, the concept of informed consent and considerations for returning findings to donors.
|
|
| 8. |
- Nilsson, Ulla, et al.
(författare)
-
Migrantarbete inom den gröna näringen
- 2012
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I såväl media som inom myndigheter och organisationer har det under de senaste åren i allt högre grad uppmärksammats att migrerande arbetskraft inom den gröna näringen eventuellt används på ett sätt som kan strida mot arbetsrättsliga och sociala regleringar. Olika beskrivningar har pekat på levnads- och arbetsförhållanden som starkt avviker från de normalt förekommande i svenskt arbetsliv och inte uppfyller arbetsmiljölagens minimikrav. Det har dessutom påpekats att de bristfälliga förhållandena för den migrerande arbetskraften riskerar att påverka den gröna näringen i stort på ett negativt sätt där näringsidkare tvingas in i en nedåtgående spiral av underbudskonkurrens. Avsikten med föreliggande kunskapsöversikt är att sammanställa den forskning som finns avseende olika arbetslivs- och arbetsmiljöaspekter på migrantarbete inom den gröna näringen inklusive juridiska aspekter och myndighetsutövning. I den gröna sektorn finns arbetsmiljörisker förknippade med olycksfall, ergonomisk belastning, och exponering för t.ex. kemiska och biologiska bekämpningsmedel. Migrantarbetare inom den gröna sektorn i Sverige kommer ibland från länder där ‖arbetsplatskulturen‖ innefattar ett annorlunda säkerhetstänkande jämfört med i Sverige. Väl i Sverige kan språket vara ett hinder för arbetaren att tillgodogöra sig muntlig och skriftlig information om arbetet, miljön, skyddsföreskrifter och möjliga risker. Låg utbildningsnivå kan utgöra ytterligare problem. Undermåliga bostäder tillhandahållna av arbetsgivaren har beskrivits. En del av problemet utgörs av dolt arbete som utförs av papperslösa. Projektledning och administration i projektet, som har tagit fram kunskapsöversikten, har legat hos Arbetsmiljöhögskolan (AMH) vid Lunds universitet, som är en nätverksorganisation som samlar kompetenser från universitetets olika fakulteter för en mångvetenskaplig belysning av kunskapsläget på området. Kunskapsöversikten utgörs till största delen av en litteraturstudie där relevant forskning på området har sökts i olika databaser; och av en uppföljning av referenslistor i artiklar och böcker. På grund av den flerdimensionella problematiken kring migrantarbetet inom den gröna sektorn har en mångdisciplinär forskargrupp satts samman för uppdraget. Detta innebär att vi kan belysa problematiken utifrån många olika perspektiv. Redan på ett tidigt stadium stod det emellertid klart att det inte existerar någon mer omfattande svensk forskning på området vilket innebär att mycket av de resonemang som förs i den här skriften vilar på internationella erfarenheter. För att trots allt kunna ge en bild av förhållandena i Sverige har vi valt att genomföra ett antal telefonintervjuer med aktörer på nyckelpositioner. Intervjuer har gjorts med rådgivare, intresseorganisationer, fackliga organisationer för anställda och arbetsgivare samt berörda myndigheter. Genom den internationella litteraturen står det klart att det finns en rad arbetslivsoch arbetsmiljöproblem vilka är specifika för migrantarbete på säsongsbasis inom den gröna näringen. Ett av de främsta problemen har att göra med de uppenbara svårigheterna att följa upp och kontrollera konsekvenser och effekter. Säsongsarbetet innebär att människor endast uppehåller sig i landet under en begränsad period. Därför är det svårt att slå fast långsiktiga effekter på arbetstagarnas hälsa. Ett annat grundläggande problem är att incitamentet för värdländerna att vidta åtgärder för att minimera arbetslivs- och arbetsmiljöproblem är tämligen svagt. Ofta har de personer som lider skada på grund av bristfällig arbetsmiljö återvänt till sina hemländer då hälsoeffekterna blivit tydliga. Den här problematiken illustreras exempelvis av att de som har valt att ratificera FN:s konvention om migrantarbetares rättigheter– vilket borgar 6 främst är nationer varifrån migrantarbetarna kommer. Varken Sverige eller någon annan medlemsstat i EU har anslutit sig till konventionen. Det går inte att utifrån befintlig kunskap avgöra antalet migrantarbetare som på säsongsbasis arbetar inom den gröna näringen. Intervjuer med företagare ger vid handen att det skulle kunna röra sig om omkring 2 000 personer per år inom trädgård och jordbruk. Men det finns anledning att misstänka att det verkliga antalet är större minst på grund av att företagarna får antas dra sig för att rapportera om migrantarbetare som saknar nödvändiga papper och som är anlitade som svart arbetskraft. Det finns god grund i den internationella forskningen att anta att många migrantarbetare inom den gröna näringen i Sverige lever och arbetar under oacceptabla förhållanden - bortom rättslig kontroll och insyn. Det handlar bland annat om undermåliga bostäder och bristande hygien, ökad olycksrisk, exponering för hälsovådliga kemikalier, ergonomiska problem, risk för hot och våld, diskriminering, trakasserier, brist på stöd från samhället såsom sjukvård och rättshjälp, långa arbetstider och låg lön. Intervjuerna som genomfördes med representanter för relevanta svenska organisationer och myndigheter antyder att vi har anledning att misstänka att migrantarbetare inom den gröna näringen i Sverige lever och arbetar med samma problem som migrantarbetare inom den gröna näringen i andra länder. Det faktum att problematiken potentiellt är svårartad gör att kunskapsbristen i Sverige blir särskilt allvarlig och organisationer vara stort.– inte– ny forskning behövs. Dessutom torde behovet av insatser från myndigheter
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- Fischer, Anke
(författare)
-
Who decides? The governance of rewilding in Scotland ‘between the cracks’: Community participation, public engagement, and partnerships
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Journal of Rural Studies. - : Elsevier BV. - 0743-0167 .- 1873-1392. ; 98, s. 80-91
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rewilding is a conservation approach which seeks to restore natural processes and ecosystem functionality. However, it also has a strong social dimension, characterised by a recently increasing emphasis on the place of people in rewilding. The role of local communities and the need for public engagement have become a specific concern for many contemporary rewilding efforts. Research on the role of participation in rewilding is however lacking, with rewilding governance in general being under-explored. Our examination of understandings and practices of rewilding governance, through semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders in Scotland, illustrated a range of conceptualisations and approaches. It became apparent that governance and participatory practices were very variable and selective, highlighting an interaction between land ownership and degrees of empowerment which underpinned rewilding activity and decision-making. Approaches ranged from relatively ubiquitous advocacy for public engagement with a pre-prescribed rewilding agenda, through the circumscribed participation of defined communities (mainly of interest) in specific activities, to much more involved and empowering but self-selecting partnerships (with other landowners) to achieve impact at scale. Key challenges to more participatory approaches in rewilding identified included: i) a strong conservation imperative; ii) concentrated ownership, and power and control over land; and iii) emerging ideas about the public interest. These influenced perceptions about the value, and the practice of greater representation in rewilding decisions, ultimately bounding and limiting the participation of communities and the public.
|
|
