| 1. |
- Selander, Helena, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Older drivers: On-road and off-road test results
- 2011
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam.. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 43:4, s. 1348-1354
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eighty-five volunteer drivers, 65-85 years old, without cognitive impairments impacting on their driving were examined, in order to investigate driving errors characteristic for older drivers. In addition, any relationships between cognitive off-road and on-road tests results, the latter being the gold standard, were identified. Performance measurements included Trail Making Test (TMT), Nordic Stroke Driver Screening Assessment (NorSDSA), Useful Field of View (UFOV), self-rating driving performance and the two on-road protocols P-Drive and ROA. Some of the older drivers displayed questionable driving behaviour. In total, 21% of the participants failed the on-road assessment. Some of the specific errors were more serious than others. The most common driving errors embraced speed: exceeding the speed limit or not controlling the speed. Correlations with the P-Drive protocol were established for NorSDSA total score (weak), UFOV subtest 2 (weak), and UFOV subtest 3 (moderate). Correlations with the ROA protocol were established for UFOV subtest 2 (weak) and UFOV subtest 3 (weak). P-Drive and self ratings correlated weakly, whereas no correlation between self ratings and the ROA protocol was found. The results suggest that specific problems or errors seen in an older persons driving can actually be "normal driving behaviours".
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Hrelja, Robert, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Dömd till samverkan! : En kunskapsöversikt
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Skapandet av en effektiv kollektivtrafik kräver i ökande grad samverkan mellan formellt självständiga organisationer. I denna kunskapsöversikt diskuteras samverkan mellan offentliga och privata organisationer samt resenärer. Syftet är att öka den begreppsmässiga förståelsen av samverkan på kollektivtrafikområdet. Den gör det genom att definiera samverkan, och diskutera vilka kvaliteter som möjliggör väl fungerande samverkan. Kunskapsöversikten börjar med att beskriva tidigare kollektivtrafikforskning om samverkan. Därefter beskrivs vilka slutsatser som finns om samverkan i andra för kollektivtrafiken analytiskt intressanta forskningsfält. En slutsats är att samverkan kan definieras som försök att överkomma problem med kollektivt handlade, och försök att förändra en situation där ömsesidigt beroende aktörer agerar självständigt, till en situation där de agerar samfällt för att uppnå gemensamma mål. Samverkan ska enligt denna definition förstås som en mer sofistikerad form av kollektivt handlande än vad som menas med begrepp som samordning eller koordination. Väl fungerande samverkan kan beskrivas som en form av ”samhandling”. Motsatsen kan beskrivas vara ”förhandling”. I samhandling utforskar formellt självständiga organisationer gemensamma nyttor, och uppnår mer än om de hade agerat självständigt. Samhandling kan ses som ett stegvist tillitsbygge som förutsätter kvaliteter som ett ömsesidigt förtroende, förståelse av andra organisationers drivkrafter, gemensam problemformulering. Den måste även vara tydligt handlingsinriktad.
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| 4. |
- Jägerbrand, Annika, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Driving behaviour responses to a moose encounter, automatic speed camera, wildlife warning sign and radio message determined in a factorial simulator study
- 2016
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 86, s. 229-238
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a driving simulator study, driving behaviour responses (speed and deceleration) to encountering a moose, automatic speed camera, wildlife warning sign and radio message, with or without a wildlife fence and in dense forest or open landscape, were analysed. The study consisted of a factorial experiment that examined responses to factors singly and in combination over 9-km road stretches driven eight times by 25 participants (10 men, 15 women). The aims were to: determine the most effective animal–vehicle collision (AVC) countermeasures in reducing vehicle speed and test whether these are more effective in combination for reducing vehicle speed; identify the most effective countermeasures on encountering moose; and determine whether the driving responses to AVC countermeasures are affected by the presence of wildlife fences and landscape characteristics. The AVC countermeasures that proved most effective in reducing vehicle speed were a wildlife warning sign and radio message, while automatic speed cameras had a speed-increasing effect. There were no statistically significant interactions between different countermeasures and moose encounters. However, there was a tendency for a stronger speed-reducing effect from the radio message warning and from a combination of a radio message and wildlife warning sign in velocity profiles covering longer driving distances than the statistical tests. Encountering a moose during the drive had the overall strongest speed-reducing effect and gave the strongest deceleration, indicating that moose decoys or moose artwork might be useful as speed-reducing countermeasures. Furthermore, drivers reduced speed earlier on encountering a moose in open landscape and had lower velocity when driving past it. The presence of a wildlife fence on encountering the moose resulted in smaller deceleration.
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| 5. |
- Thorslund, Birgitta, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive workload and visual behavior in elderly drivers with hearing loss
- 2014
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Ingår i: European Transport Research Review. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1867-0717 .- 1866-8887. ; 6:4, s. 377-385
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose was to examine eye tracking data and compare visual behavior in individuals with normal hearing (NH) and with moderate hearing loss (HL) during two types of driving conditions: normal driving and driving while performing a secondary task.Methods24 participants with HL and 24 with NH were exposed to normal driving and to driving with a secondary task (observation and recall of 4 visually displayed letters). Eye movement behavior was assessed during normal driving by the following performance indicators: number of glances away from the road; mean duration of glances away from the road; maximum duration of glances away from the road; and percentage of time looking at the road. During driving with the secondary task, eye movement data were assessed in terms of number of glances to the secondary task display, mean duration of glances to the secondary task display, and maximum duration of glances to the secondary task display. The secondary task performance was assessed as well, counting the number of correct letters, the number of skipped letters, and the number of correct letters ignoring order.ResultsWhile driving with the secondary task, drivers with HL looked twice as often in the rear-view mirror than during normal driving and twice as often as drivers with NH regardless of condition. During secondary task, the HL group looked away from the road more frequently but for shorter durations than the NH group. Drivers with HL had fewer correct letters and more skipped letters than drivers with NH.
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| 6. |
- Thorslund, Birgitta, 1976-
(författare)
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Effects of hearing loss on traffic safety and mobility
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this PhD thesis was to investigate traffic safety and mobility for individuals with hearing loss (HL). Three studies were conducted: 1. a questionnaire survey aimed to evaluate differences in choice of transportation that might be related to HL, 2. a driving simulator study that looked into compensatory strategies and evaluated the efficiency of a tactile signal to alert the driver, and 3. a field study to evaluate these effects in real traffic and to evaluate a navigation system with a supportive tactile signal. The effects of HL discovered in this thesis add to the knowledge and understanding of the influence of HL on traffic safety and mobility. Differences found consistently point to a generally more cautious behavior. Compensatory and coping strategies associated with HL are bound to driving complexity and appear when complexity increases. These strategies include driving at lower speeds, using a more comprehensive visual search behavior and being less engaged in distracting activities. Evaluation of a tactile signal showed that by adding a tactile modality, some driver assistance systems can also be made accessible to drivers with HL. At the same time, the systems might be more effective for all users, since the driver can be more focused on the road. Based on the results in this thesis, drivers with HL cannot be considered an increased traffic safety risk, and there should be no need for adjustments of the requirements of hearing for a license to drive a car.
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| 7. |
- Lützhöft, Margareta, et al.
(författare)
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Fatigue at sea : a field study in Swedish shipping
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to collect data about the fatigue level of bridge watch keepers to use for revising earlier sleep models, and devise innovative solutions for the shipping industry. Data collection included interviews with shipping companies and a field study onboard 13 cargo vessels. 32 participants took part in representing two watch systems; 2-watch and 3-watch. Subjective sleepiness and stress estimations were performed once every hour. Electrooculography was used to record eye movement behaviour. Reaction time test was made to examine performance. 3-watch participants are more satisfied with their working hours and working situation. Tendencies indicate that 2-watch participants are a bit more tired, whereas the stress is the same. All are less sleepy and less stressed at home. Time on shift had effect on sleepiness. The highest Karolinska Sleepiness Scale scores were recorded in the late night and early morning. After night shift the reaction times have higher variance and more long reaction times are present. The mean value after night shift was significantly higher than after day shift. All thirteen shipping agreed that officers on the bridge always have tasks sensitive to fatigue but no company experienced fatigue as a problem during normal conditions. All were positive to monitoring devices, mentioning safety matters.
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| 8. |
- Gidlöf-Gunnarsson, Anita, 1957, et al.
(författare)
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Good sound environment in green areas modify road-traffic noise annoyance at home
- 2009
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Noise Control 2009 (EURONOISE 2009). - uo : Curran Associates, Inc.. ; , s. 1579-1587
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Konferensbidrag (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- There has been a growing recognition among noise researchers that natural elements and natural areas of the built environment have potentials to reduce annoyance due to traffic noise. It has been suggested that presence of vegetation (e.g., trees, bushes, grass, flowers) contributes to an aesthetically pleasing environment, which influence overall residential satisfaction and people?s perception of the noise. Other expected benefits of natural elements/areas are prevention or modification of adverse effects of work-, personal-, or environmental stress (e.g., noise) through restoration processes. Within the large TVANE-project, the present study examined the effect of green areas (park or similar at walking distance) on noise responses in residential settings (n=468) exposed to road traffic noise (LAeq,24h 45 to 65 dB). A binary multiple logistic regression analysis, with sound exposure as the prime variable assumed to predict general noise annoyance at home, indicated that presence of green areas, a closer distance to it from the subject?s home, and perceived green-area characteristics (good sound environment, high attractiveness and potentials for recreational activities) significantly lowered noise annoyance. The results suggest that the exposure-response relationship between noise and annoyance is influenced by access to nearby green areas provided that they have good environmental quality, particularly regarding the perceived sound environment
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| 9. |
- Carlén, Björn, 1965-
(författare)
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Värdering av koldioxidutsläpp från svenska transporter : en kommentar
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I denna rapport analyseras problemet kring hur man ska värdera svenska koldioxidutsläpp med hänsyn till EU:s klimatpolitiska ramverk. När någon aktör under EU:s utsläppstak ökar sina utsläpp måste någon annan minska sina utsläpp i motsvarande mån. Eftersom de totala utsläppen härigenom konstanthålls, uppstår inte någon ytterligare klimateffekt och den så kallade skadekostnadsansatsen förlorar därmed sin relevans för dessa utsläpp. Däremot tar någon annan på sig ytterligare minskningskostnader. Det är dessa kostnader som är de samhällsekonomiska konsekvenserna av ökade utsläpp, exempelvis till följd av ökad trafik i Sverige, och det är dessa som forskarna försökt att skatta i denna rapport.
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| 10. |
- Lee, Jaeyoung, et al.
(författare)
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Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Traffic Crash Involvement in Florida
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference Road Safety on Four Continents. - Linköping : Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- It is known that the demographic, socioeconomic and traffic characteristics of crash locations have been used as important factors in macroscopic crash analysis. In this study, we focus on the residential ZIP code areas of drivers who were involved in crashes. The objective of this study is to identify the origin’s characteristics of drivers involved in traffic crashes so better targeted education and awareness could be designed and delivered. Various characteristic factors of the postal ZIP code area of a driver’s residence were used in the study. The postal codes were collected from police crash reports for the year 2006 and demographic, socioeconomic and travel pattern data were retrieved from US Census Bureau. Several negative binomial (NB) models were estimated for specific types of crashes such as, total number of crashes (for at-fault drivers), severe crashes (for at-fault drivers), pedestrian crashes, and bicycle crashes. It was found that demographic characteristics such as gender, ethnic group, socioeconomic characteristics including family income and unemployment, and travel patterns as commute mode and travel time to work are significant factors for specific types of crashes. The findings from the study implied that several demographic, socioeconomic and traffic factors of zones can influence the crash frequency of the resident. In the planning phases we can forecast the crash frequency with these models and predicted independent factors in the future. From operational perspective, the results from the study can be used to identify zones that have residents with higher chances to be involved in crashes, thus we can concentrate on these specific zones for education and stricter enforcement.
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