| 1. |
- Smith, Göran, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Adopting Mobility-as-a-Service: An empirical analysis of end-users' experiences
- 2022
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Ingår i: Travel Behaviour and Society. - : Elsevier BV. - 2214-367X .- 2214-3688. ; 28, s. 237-248
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite widespread interest, empirical research on how end-users perceive and use Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) is scarce. To address this knowledge gap, this paper analyzes the end-user process of adopting a MaaS service entitled EC2B, which was launched in Gothenburg (Sweden) in the spring of 2019. The contribution to the MaaS literature is three-fold. Firstly, the paper provides insight into potential user segments by describing the characteristics and motives of the studied pool of adopters. Secondly, it improves the understanding of the potential effects of MaaS by outlining how the EC2B service was used and how it influenced travel behavior. Thirdly, the paper informs strategies for facilitating MaaS adoption by outlining what types of drivers and barriers the end-users faced during different stages of the adoption process. The reported findings underscore previous assertions that MaaS is much more than just an app and a subscription plan and highlight the mutually reinforcing relationship between the introduction of MaaS and the implementation of policies aimed at reducing car use.
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| 2. |
- Sochor, Jana, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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A topological approach to Mobility as a Service: A proposed tool for understanding requirements and effects, and for aiding the integration of societal goals
- 2017
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Ingår i: 1st International Conference on Mobility as a Service (ICoMaaS), Tampere, Finland, November 28-29, 2017. ; , s. 187-201, s. 187-201
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the concept of MaaS and what characterizes a ‘MaaS service’, as well as to propose a topology of MaaS as a tool for facilitating the discussion of MaaS, enabling the ‘comparison of’ different services, understanding MaaS’ potential effects, and aiding the integration of societal goals into MaaS services. Based on a literature review analyzing existing definitions, and an expert workshop identifying key aspects and ascertaining service differentiations accordingly, the resulting proposed topology consists of MaaS Levels 0 to 4 as characterized by different types of integration: 0 no integration; 1 integration of information; 2 integration of booking and payment; 3 integration of the service offer, including contracts and responsibilities; 4 integration of societal goals. The levels are described in terms of their added value and further discussed regarding implications for business, society, users, and technical requirements. Then, a deeper discussion also delves into the potential in expanding upon Level 4 and ways by which services and societal goals can become more fully integrated. The proposed topology adds clarity to the discussion of such a trending topic and enables the positioning of services along the MaaS spectrum. It also deepens the understanding of why MaaS can take time to establish, and can help support the development of action plans in terms of what needs to be done depending on what type of MaaS one wants to develop. Further analysis is desirable regarding the possibilities and problems linked with the different levels of MaaS. Such an analysis is key to understanding which effects can be achieved via the implementation of different levels of MaaS services in terms of e.g. social, economic and ecological sustainability, and business potential.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Ekman, Fredrick, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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To See or Not To See – The Effect of Object Recognition on Users’ Trust for "Automated Vehicles"
- 2016
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 9th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction – NordiCHI’16, Gothenburg, October 23-27, 2016. - New York, NY, USA : ACM. - 9781450347631 ; 23-27-October-2016
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- While automated vehicle technology progresses, potentially leading to a safer, more efficient traffic environment, many challenges remain within the area of human factors, such as user trust for Automated Driving (AD) vehicle systems. Previous research has focused on creating a guiding framework for implementing trust-related factors into the Human-Machine-Interaction (HMI) interface in automated vehicles. This paper presents the result of a first validation test of the trust framework. To test the factor “feedback” in the form of Object Recognition, three OR-concepts with different levels of system transparency were tested in a level 3 (NHTSA) Wizard of Oz vehicle. Results indicate that presenting feedback through OR can increase the level of trust for the system, and that users prefer moderation – neither too much nor too little feedback. The paper also demonstrates the framework’s usefulness in guiding HMI designers in the trust-based development process with the help of a well-defined design-space.
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| 5. |
- König, David, et al.
(författare)
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Deliverable 3: Business and operator models for MaaS. MAASiFiE project funded by CEDR.
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The transnational research programme “Call 2014: Mobility and ITS” was launched by the Conference of European Directors of Roads (CEDR). Funded within that program, Mobility as a Service for Linking Europe (MAASiFiE) is a two-year project that investigates the prerequisites for organizing user-oriented and ecological mobility services in order to provide consumers with flexible, efficient and user-friendly services covering multiple modes of transport on a one-stop-shop principle. Megatrends like changing demographics in terms of population growth, ageing of population, new population requirements of millennials, and ICT technology transformation, play a major role enabling the evolvement of new mobility services. Mobility service concepts are changing in the direction of combining and implementing new business models, enabling the development of innovative services and products in mobility markets. With this respect, Deliverable 3 as part of Work Package (WP) 3 of the MAASiFiE project concentrates on the identification of new business and operator models providing an insight into the new transport paradigm of Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS). Based on a state-of-the-art survey covering interviews with experts, an online questionnaire, case examples of MaaS services and a literature review, a more thorough understanding of how transport-related stakeholders perceive and interact with the topic of MaaS is gained. Thus, an elaboration of responsibilities/roles, business models, related value chains and operator models in the context of MaaS is enabled and results are provided in this document. As a common point of reference, the consortium has agreed upon the following definition of MaaS: Multimodal and sustainable mobility services addressing customers' transport needs by integrating planning and payment on a one-stop-shop principle. Mobility services are expected to increase the use of public transport and ride sharing and to provide the means for rationalising passenger transport and wherever possible freight transport as well as identified by the state-of.the-art survey within Deliverable 3. In addition, available freight transport and logistic operations are analysed wherever similar characteristics to MaaS-related passenger applications are identified. Overall, the state-of-the-art survey results focusing on international MaaS concepts have shown that there currently exist various smaller MaaS-pilots covering different geographical service areas, including for instance city, rural and/or regional areas. Very few larger MaaS services have been established with a wider geographical coverage, including national and international service coverage. Based on different MaaS service areas, different aims and requirements for implementing MaaS concepts arise. While for instance, urban areas focus largely on the reduction of private car usage, congestion and transport-related emissions, rural areas aim at promoting higher efficiency and utilization rates by emphasizing demand driven transport services. National and international MaaS services focus rather on providing combined all-in-one packages including for instance long-haul transport, accommodation, event and booking services. Identified value chains of MaaS services illustrate changes of roles and responsibilities in the organisation of transport of people and goods. In this respect, changes in value networks and related organisational requirements are derived and applied to show different combinations of MaaS services. Basically four MaaS operator models were identified: Reseller, Integrator, Public transport operator and PPP models. Based on service combination characteristics, it could be concluded that the commercial Reseller model may best fit travel agencies and therefore national and international traveling. The Public transport (PT) operator model could be mainly used in cities, where comprehensive PT already exists. The PPP model may be preferred for rural areas, as public actors have an interest in increasing efficiency of subsidized transportation. The commercial Integrator model would probably fit well in both urban and suburban areas and national/international MaaS; thus it could be considered the most versatile and flexible model. However, as MaaS is continuously developing, and can be implemented in various ways, the presented models and categorizations should be read and interpreted as a current understanding of an emerging phenomenon.
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| 6. |
- Aapaoja, Aki, et al.
(författare)
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MaaS service combinations for different geographical areas
- 2017
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Ingår i: 24th World Congress on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Montreal, October 29-November 2, 2017.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A more efficient use of transport in urban areas and promoting a more sustainable way of living along with ever-accelerating urbanization and digitalization are the main drivers for MaaS. MaaS is needed to solve mobility challenges in cities and new business and service concepts can be easily tested in more densely populated environments first. However, a huge number of people with various demands for mobility services live in smaller communities and rural areas where the availability of and accessibility to mobility services is usually entirely different and more limited than in urban areas. In this paper, MaaS service combinations for four different contexts and geographic areas are identified: 1) MaaS in urban areas; 2) MaaS in suburban areas; 3) MaaS in rural areas; and 4) national and international MaaS. The characteristics of MaaS services in these different geographical areas regarding objectives and included services are also presented.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Eckhardt, Jenni, et al.
(författare)
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Deliverable 2: European MaaS Roadmap 2025. MAASiFiE project funded by CEDR.
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Executive summaryMobility as a Service for Linking Europe (MAASiFiE) is a two-year project funded by the trans-national research programme “Call 2014: Mobility and ITS” launched by the Conference of European Directors of Roads (CEDR). The project investigates the prerequisites for organizing user-oriented and ecological mobility services in order to provide consumers with flexible, efficient and user-friendly services covering multiple modes of transport on a one-stop-shop principle. In addition, opportunities to combine passenger and freight transport operations are included.The main expected result of the project is the European MaaS Roadmap 2025 to be defined in Work Package 2, which this deliverable, Nr 2, presents. WP2 can be considered as an umbrella interacting with WPs 3, 4 and 5. WP3 analysed MaaS state-of-the-art and value networks, and develops business and operator models. Results are presented in Deliverable Nr 3 – Business and operator models for MaaS. WP4 performed socio-economic and environmental impact assessments of MaaS, and proposes a set of key performance indicators of MaaS. These results are presented in Deliverable Nr 4 – Impact Assessment. WP5 analysed technological requirements and interoperability issues of MaaS, including usability aspects, presented in Deliverable Nr 5 – Technology for MaaS. The work in WP 2 was performed through a series of four workshops: Workshop 1 created national MaaS visions. Workshop 2 evaluated potential impacts of Maas based on national MaaS cases. Workshop 3 created national versions of Roadmap 2025 defining short- and medium-term actions and requirements to reach the visions created in the first workshop. Workshop 4 was an international workshop creating European Roadmap 2025, consolidating results and defining next steps in implementing MaaS. Workshop 4 was international, while the other workshops were organised similarly in Finland, Sweden and Austria.The European MaaS Roadmap 2025 defines short- (1-3 years) and medium-term (4-9 years) actions and transitions needed to reach the vision formed in the first workshop. The Roadmap is divided into four functional perspectives: drivers, markets, MaaS services and enablers. Each perspective presents the results using the following classification: Academia and R&D, Business, Infrastructure & built environment, Policy & regulation, Technology & data, and Society & culture. The Roadmap also indicates the most important components identified in the workshop for the future development of MaaS. Academia and R&D is mainly seen as an enabler for identifying best practices, conducting impact assessments, and developing living lab test environments. The business sector affects primarily market and MaaS services perspectives and acts as an enabler. Business is seen as responsible for e.g. creating new pilots and services, collaboration and new business models, and developing the one-stop-shop principle.Infrastructure & built environment is mainly seen as a driver for land use and the change of urban structures and space solutions resulting e.g. in fewer parking lots. Guidelines e.g. for city planning and infrastructure are considered as enablers for MaaS. Policy & regulation touches all functional perspectives by creating an environment enabling and promoting interoperability, collaboration, the MaaS ecosystem and achievement of policy targets. Regarding technology, key enabling technologies for MaaS exist, but challenges are related to e.g. interoperability and open interfaces, privacy and standardization.Society & culture aspects are mainly related to market and MaaS services perspectives. MaaS is expected to solve the life puzzle from the mobility perspective. Consumers can influence MaaS development depending on increased user acceptance and attitude change, as well as being a prosumer (producer/ consumer) by integrating e.g. private cars to the MaaS ecosystem.The continuity needed to regularly update the MaaS roadmap was seen as important, as the path of MaaS development is currently uncertain. Also impact assessments and validated results are needed to see the real quantitative impacts of MaaS.
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| 9. |
- Eckhardt, Jenni, et al.
(författare)
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Mobility as a Service business and operator models
- 2017
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Ingår i: 12th European Congress on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Strasbourg, June 19-22, 2017.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is an emerging concept, which offers a new holistic perspective on how to organize and implement mobility service concepts in the future. The MaaS concept strongly relies on the ongoing digitalization development, which is currently and rapidly changing the traditional transport system and the roles of key stakeholders. However, the path to that future is not clear, since factors like laws, regulations, regional differences, market size, current market shares, active stakeholders and key actors in the market significantly affect the development of potential Maas business models. The purpose of this paper is to present and analyze some of the existing MaaS business and operator models addressed in the MaaSiFiE project, in which business model cases have been analyzed and a state-of-the-art survey has been conducted, including a stakeholder questionnaire gathering different views of MaaS as input for developing a European roadmap for MaaS deployment.
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| 10. |
- Eckhardt, Jenni, et al.
(författare)
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The European Roadmap 2025 for Mobility as a Service
- 2018
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Ingår i: 7th Transport Research Arena TRA 2018, Vienna, April 16-19, 2018.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is based on a Mobility as a Service (MaaS) project, Mobility as a Service for Linking Europe (MAASiFiE), conducted for the Conference of European Directors of Roads (CEDR). MaaS is an emerging concept aiming to offer user-oriented, multimodal transport services on a one-stop-shop principle utilizing digitalization and mobile applications. This paper presents the main result of the project: the European MaaS Roadmap 2025 defining short- (1-3 years) and medium-term (4-9 years) actions and transitions needed to reach the vision formed in the project. The Roadmap is divided into four functional perspectives: drivers, markets, MaaS services and enablers. Furthermore, each perspective presents the results using the following classification: Academy and R&D, Business, Infrastructure & built environment, Policy & regulation, Technology & data, and Social & culture. This paper concentrates on Policy & regulation aspects, as well as on the role of National Road Administrations (NRAs) in MaaS development.
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