| 1. |
- Bäck, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Explaining Modes of Participation : A Dynamic Test of Alternative Rational Choice Models
- 2011
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Political Studies. - : Wiley. - 0080-6757 .- 1467-9477. ; 34:1, s. 74-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rational choice accounts of political participation identify two major solutions to “the paradox of participation” — collective incentives and selective incentives. Prior findings regarding the viability of these solutions are seemingly inconclusive and contradictory. In our view, one important reason for this is that the applicability of these solutions varies across participatory modes. In this paper, we make a first attempt to develop a theoretical answer to the question of why this may be the case. We then test our predictions across four different modes of participation, using longitudinal data that eliminate or reduce the biases inherent in cross-sectional designs. Our results show different types of incentives to strike with distinctly variable force across different modes of participation. Most importantly, we find that whereas electoral modes of participation (voting and party activity) are affected by selective incentives only, the non-electoral modes (contacting and manifestations) are the consequence of both collective and selective incentives.
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| 4. |
- Brommesson, Douglas, et al.
(författare)
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Att möta den högre utbildningens utmaningar
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den övergripande fråga som ställs i rapporten är: hur kan universitet och högskolor upprätthålla kvalitet i utbildningen? Undersökningen bärs upp av tre delar där vi studerar 1) om högskolepedagogiska kurser stärker lärare som pedagoger; 2) huruvida det finns incitament för universitetslärare att satsa på pedagogisk verksamhet; samt 3) vilka förutsättningar lektorer ges att inom ramen för sin tjänst fullgöra det pedagogiska uppdraget. I den första delstudien finner vi att pedagogiska kurser haft positiva effekter på deltagarnas upplevda trygghet i lärarrollen. Samtidigt förändras inte kursdeltagarnas grundläggande förhållningssätt till undervisning. I delstudie två finner vi att incitamenten att satsa på det pedagogiska uppdraget är relativt svaga, eftersom sakkunniga i allmänhet lägger liten vikt vid pedagogiska meriter jämfört med vetenskapliga. I den tredje delstudien undersöks balansen mellan forskning och undervisning för lektorer i statsvetenskap. Resultaten visar att skillnaden i undervisningsplikt, liksom kompensationen för likvärdiga undervisningsuppdrag, varierar mycket mellan lärosäten. Förutsättningarna för det pedagogiska uppdraget ser således väldigt olika ut för lektorer beroende på var de är anställda.
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| 5. |
- Bäck, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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A social safety net? : Rejection sensitivity and political opinion sharing among young people in social media
- 2019
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Ingår i: New Media and Society. - : Sage Publications. - 1461-4448 .- 1461-7315. ; 21:2, s. 298-316
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One reason why people avoid using social media to express their opinions is to avert social sanctions as proposed by the spiral of silence theory. We here elaborate on individual-level sensitivity to social rejection in relation to voicing political opinions on social media sites. Given the uncertainty about sharing political views in social media, and the fact that social acceptance, or rejection, can be easily communicated through, for instance, likes, or a lack of likes, we argue that rejection sensitive individuals are less likely to share political information in social media. Combining an analysis of unique survey data on psychological characteristics and online political activity with focus group interviews with Swedish youth supports our argument, showing that rejection sensitive individuals are less inclined to engage politically in social media. The results extend on previous research by establishing the role of rejection sensitivity in political engagement in social media.
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| 6. |
- Johansson, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Institutionalisation of risk and safety management at the local governmental level in Sweden
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Risk Research. - : Routledge. - 1366-9877 .- 1466-4461. ; 12:5, s. 687-708
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The starting point for this article is the need for empirical knowledge about organizational configuration for societal risk and safety management activities ina modern welfare society. In this paper, we use Sweden as an empirical frame to analyze the administrative management structure at the local governmental level.The analysis is based on statistical analysis of information from a web-survey with administrative chief/head officials (n51283) with responsibilities for different municipal functions and sectors. The sample represented 25% of the Swedish municipalities (n5290) and the response rate was approximately 60% (n5766).The responses to two sets of questions (25 and 45 questions) are used for statistical analyses of management structures and task distribution within themunicipal organizations. Principal component factor analyses with Varimax and Kaisers Normalization was applied as a structure detection method. The resultsindicate a clear and uniform way to institutionalize societal risk and safety management at the local level. Furthermore, the management course of action is found to have different types of value characters. The implications that arise from the patterns identified in this study are considered to be of general relevance and topicality for research and practice in this area
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| 7. |
- Beckman, Ludvig, et al.
(författare)
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The Democratic Inclusion of Artificial Intelligence? : Exploring the Patiency, Agency and Relational Conditions for Demos Membership
- 2022
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Ingår i: Philosophy & Technology. - : Springer Nature. - 2210-5433 .- 2210-5441. ; 35:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Should artificial intelligences ever be included as co-authors of democratic deci-sions? According to the conventional view in democratic theory, the answer dependson the relationship between the political unit and the entity that is either affectedor subjected to its decisions. The relational conditions for inclusion as stipulatedby the all-affected (AAP) and all-subjected principles (ASP) determine the spatialextension of democratic inclusion. Thus, AI qualifies for democratic inclusion if andonly if AI is either affected or subjected to decisions by the political unit in relevantways. This paper argues that the conventional view is too simple; that it neglectsdemocratic reasons to recognize only agents and/or moral patients as participantsin decision-making. The claim defended is that AAP and ASP implicitly affirmrequirements for agency and patiency. In ASP, the entity included must be an agentunderstood either in terms of legal status, capacity to comply with the law or abil-ity to recognize legitimate authority. In AAP, the entity included must be a patient,understood either in terms of capacity for sentience or consciousness. Thus, the ideahere is to explore the potential democratic inclusion of artificial intelligences by anupdated account of the relevant conditions of agency and patiency that are implicitin democratic theory. Although conceivable that AI is or will be either affected orsubjected in relevant ways to decisions made by political units, it is far less clear thatAI will ever be agents or patients in the sense required for democratic inclusion.
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| 8. |
- Bäck, Hanna
(författare)
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Explaining Coalitions : Evidence and Lessons From Studying Coalition Formation in Swedish Local Government
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this thesis is to better understand coalition formation. To date, a vast number of theories have been presented with the goal to explain coalition outcomes. For example, early coalition theories assumed that parties were motivated solely by the goal of attaining the power and prestige that come with being in office, and predicted that minimal winning coalitions would form. Later coalition theories are instead often based on the assumption that parties are interested in implementing a policy program.Three problems with much of the existing coalition research are identified and solved in this study. First, many coalition theories have only been evaluated on the data set of Western European national governments despite the fact that these theories often emerged from consideration of this same data set, which implies that these theories have not been subjected to proper evaluations. In this study, a new data set consisting of a large number of formation opportunities in Swedish local government is used to evaluate coalition theories. Second, few empirical investigations have focused on comparing alternative coalition explanations using careful controls. In this study several different statistical techniques are used to evaluate the relative importance of a number of important coalition variables. Third, coalition researchers have not focused on giving adequate causal explanations to coalition formation in terms of measuring both the causal effects and the causal mechanisms underlying these effects. In this thesis, a large-n statistical study is combined with in-depth case studies, which makes it possible to measure and isolate effects, and to investigate the mechanisms that explain these effects.The analyses performed here indicate that when explaining coalition formation we should take into account that parties are neither pure office-seekers nor pure policy-seekers. Instead, parties are driven by multiple goals. The results also indicate that we should consider that parties are concerned with the effects that coalitional choices may have on future election results. The results found here show that parties should not be treated as unitary actors, and that some parties may be less likely to be in government due to the fact that they use highly democratic decision-making procedures, or because they are highly factionalized. Another conclusion drawn here is that when explaining coalitions, we should consider that the history of interaction between parties matters and that parties are concerned with minimizing the transaction costs with forming a coalition. Many other theories are either backed up or discredited by the evidence.
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| 9. |
- Lindenfors, Patrik, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Investigating Sequences in Ordinal Data : A New Approach With Adapted Evolutionary Models
- 2018
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Ingår i: Political Science Research and Methods. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 2049-8470 .- 2049-8489. ; 6:3, s. 449-466
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a new approach for studying temporal sequences across ordinal variables. It involves three complementary approaches (frequency tables, transitional graphs, and dependency tables), as well as an established adaptation based on Bayesian dynamical systems, inferring a general system of change. The frequency tables count pairs of values in two variables and transitional graphs depict changes, showing which variable tends to attain high values first. The dependency tables investigate which values of one variable are prerequisites for values in another, as a more direct test of causal hypotheses. We illustrate the proposed approaches by analyzing the V-Dem dataset, and show that changes in electoral democracy are preceded by changes in freedom of expression and access to alternative information.
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| 10. |
- Brommesson, Douglas, et al.
(författare)
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Högskolepedagogiska meriter : En valuta med svag kurs?
- 2017
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Ingår i: Universitet AB : Om kommodifiering, marknad och akademi. - Göteborg : Daidalos. - 9789171735232 ; , s. 137-176
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I det här kapitlet analyserar vi de spänningar som finns inom det pedagogiska uppdraget sett ur universitetslärarens perspektiv: å ena sidan kräver högskolans huvudmän, intresseorganisationer och förståsigpåare att kraven på pedagogisk meritering måste höjas och skärpas, å andra sidan, trots att högskolepedagogiska kurser i allt högre grad gjorts till obligatorier, nödvändiga för anställning och befordran som universitetslärare, så har den pedagogiska fortbildningens värde ändå urholkats. Å ena sidan är det forskningsmeriter som är hårdvaluta i konkurrensen om tjänster, å andra sidan förväntas en svensk universitetslärare lägga 70-100 procent av sin arbetstid på undervisning. Å ena sidan kräver lärosätena att sökande till lektorat på ett alltmer omfattande sätt dokumenterar sina pedagogiska meriter, å andra sidan tillmäts pedagogiska kvalifikationer inte någon avgörande betydelse när sakkunniga värderar sökandes meriter i tillsättningsprocessen.
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