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Sökning: AMNE:(TEKNIK OCH TEKNOLOGIER) AMNE:(Maskinteknik) > VTI - Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut

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1.
  • Klomp, Rolf, et al. (författare)
  • Experimental Evaluation of a Joint Cognitive System for 4D Trajectory Management
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the SESAR Innovation Days (2013). - Brussels : Eurocontrol. - 9782874970740 ; , s. 1-7
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Effective joint human-automation coordination is essential in order to support the central role of the human operator in foreseen future trajectory-based air traffic operations. The SESAR WP-E project C-SHARE aims to achieve this by taking a Cognitive Systems Engineering approach, based upon accomplishing joint human and automation cognition through a shared representation of 4D-trajectory management. In foregoing research, a work domain model and a joint humanmachine interface has been developed to support the human operator in the task of en-route 4D trajectory re-planning. This paper presents the findings of two experiments that aimed to determine the effect of both the initial level of traffic orderliness (i.e., structured versus unstructured traffic) and the scale of perturbations acting upon the airspace (e.g., number of conflicts and restricted areas) on the overall effectiveness of such a system. The findings of the experimental evaluation show that the CSHARE approach to joint human-automation coordination in perturbation management is promising. Further, the experiment subjects accepted the tool and found it supportive for the task at hand, resulting in a manageable degree of workload during all experiment scenarios.
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2.
  • Finnsgård, Christian, 1974, et al. (författare)
  • Swedish shippers’ strategies for coping with slow-steaming in deep sea container shipping
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Journal of Shipping and Trade. - : Springer Singapore. - 2364-4575. ; 3:8
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • When container shipping lines experience over-capacity and high fuel costs, they typically respond by decreasing sailing speeds and, consequently, increasing transport time. Most of the literature on this phenomenon, often referred to as slow-steaming, takes the perspective of the shipping lines addressing technical, operational and financial effects, or a society perspective focusing on lower emissions and energy use. Few studies investigate the effects on the demand side of the market for container liner shipping. Hence, the aim of this study is to elaborate on the logistics consequences of slow-steaming, particularly the strategies that Swedish shippers purchasing deep sea container transport services employ to mitigate the effects of slow-steaming. Workshops and semi-structured interviews revealed that shippers felt they had little or no impact on sailing schedules and were more or less subject to container shipping lines’ decisions. The effects of slow-steaming were obviously most severe for firms with complex supply chains, where intermediate products are sent back and forth between production stages on different continents. The shippers developed a set of strategies to cope with the low punctuality of containerised shipping, and these were categorised in the domains of transfer-the-problem, transport, sourcing and distribution, logistics and manufacturing, and product design. All firms applied changes in the transport domain, although the lack of service segmentation limited the effects of the strategy. Most measures were applied by two firms, whereas only one firm changed the product design.
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3.
  • Klomp, Rolf, et al. (författare)
  • Ecological interface design : Control space robustness in future trajectory-based Air Traffic control decision support
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: 2014 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC). - : IEEE conference proceedings. - 9781479938407 - 9781479938414 - 9781479938391 ; 2014:January, s. 329-334
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Abstract:The current evolution of the Air Traffic Management system towards trajectory-based operations is foreseen to bring large changes to the work domain of the Air Traffic Controller. Although this new form of Air Traffic Control leans heavily on the introduction of advanced automation, the general consensus is that the human must remain actively involved in the decision-making loop, and retain the ultimate responsibility for the safety of operations. These responsibilities, together with the complexities of the new task, require the development of innovative decision support tools. In previous research, and following the principles of Ecological Interface Design, a constraint-based decision support tool has been developed for the task of strategic trajectory manipulation. Rather than presenting discrete optimized solutions to the controller, this Travel Space Representation visualizes the constraints for safe control in the form of a set of `go' and `no go' areas. A validation experiment demonstrated that when using this tool, controllers sometimes opted for controlling close to the boundaries of safe control, or for resolutions in narrow control spaces. These results gave rise to concern that such a representation could actually work against the flexibility of the system to cope with inherent system variability. In this study, a metric and two measures have been developed in order to quantify and compare trajectory-based robustness to probabilistic disturbances. A batch-analysis has been performed to investigate how these measures vary for a crossing pair of aircraft under various geometry. Results show that the metric captures additional information which is currently not represented in the tool. When visualized to the controller, this could support them to choose more robust control strategies.
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4.
  • Malik, Mateen, et al. (författare)
  • Simulation-based Evaluation of a Remotely Operated Road Vehicle under Transmission Delays and Denial-of-Service Attacks
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of IEEE Pacific Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing, PRDC. - : IEEE Computer Society. - 1541-0110. ; 2023, s. 23-29
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A remotely operated road vehicle (RORV) refers to a vehicle operated wirelessly from a remote location. In this paper, we report results from an evaluation of two safety mechanisms: safe braking and disconnection. These safety mechanisms are included in the control software for RORV developed by Roboauto, an intelligent mobility solutions provider. The safety mechanisms monitor the communication system to detect packet transmission delays, lost messages, and outages caused by naturally occurring interference as well as denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. When the delay in the communication channel exceeds certain threshold values, the safety mechanisms are to initiate control actions to reduce the vehicle speed or stop the affected vehicle safely as soon as possible. To evaluate the effectiveness of the safety mechanisms, we exposed the vehicle control software to various communication failures using a software-in-the-loop (SIL) testing environment developed specifically for this study. Our results show that the safety mechanisms behaved correctly for a vast majority of the simulated communication failures. However, in a few cases, we noted that the safety mechanisms were triggered incorrectly, either too early or too late, according to the system specification.
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5.
  • Bianchi Piccinini, Giulio, 1982, et al. (författare)
  • How Do Drivers Respond to Silent Automation Failures? Driving Simulator Study and Comparison of Computational Driver Braking Models
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Human Factors. - Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.; Volvo Group Trucks Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.; Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, Blacksburg, USA.; University of Leeds, UK.; VTI, Gothenburg, Sweden. : SAGE Publications. - 1547-8181 .- 0018-7208. ; 62:7, s. 1212-1229
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objective: This paper aims to describe and test novel computational driver models, predicting drivers’ brake reaction times (BRTs) to different levels of lead vehicle braking, during driving with cruise control (CC) and during silent failures of adaptive cruise control (ACC). Background: Validated computational models predicting BRTs to silent failures of automation are lacking but are important for assessing the safety benefits of automated driving. Method: Two alternative models of driver response to silent ACC failures are proposed: a looming prediction model, assuming that drivers embody a generative model of ACC, and a lower gain model, assuming that drivers’ arousal decreases due to monitoring of the automated system. Predictions of BRTs issued by the models were tested using a driving simulator study. Results: The driving simulator study confirmed the predictions of the models: (a) BRTs were significantly shorter with an increase in kinematic criticality, both during driving with CC and during driving with ACC; (b) BRTs were significantly delayed when driving with ACC compared with driving with CC. However, the predicted BRTs were longer than the ones observed, entailing a fitting of the models to the data from the study. Conclusion: Both the looming prediction model and the lower gain model predict well the BRTs for the ACC driving condition. However, the looming prediction model has the advantage of being able to predict average BRTs using the exact same parameters as the model fitted to the CC driving data. Application: Knowledge resulting from this research can be helpful for assessing the safety benefits of automated driving.
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6.
  • Praetorius, Gesa, 1980-, et al. (författare)
  • Modelling Vessel Traffic Service to understand resilience in everyday operations
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Reliability Engineering & System Safety. - : Elsevier BV. - 0951-8320 .- 1879-0836. ; 141, s. 10-21
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) is a service to promote traffic fluency and safety in the entrance to ports. This article׳s purpose has been to explore everyday operations of the VTS system to gain insights in how it contributes to safe and efficient traffic movements. Interviews, focus groups and an observation have been conducted to collect data about everyday operations, as well as to grasp how the VTS system adapts to changing operational conditions. The results show that work within the VTS domain is highly complex and that the two systems modelled realise their services vastly differently, which in turn affects the systems׳ ability to monitor, respond and anticipate. This is of great importance to consider whenever changes are planned and implemented within the VTS domain. Only if everyday operations are properly analysed and understood, it can be estimated how alterations to technology and organisation will affect the overall system performance.
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7.
  • Vieira, Tiago, 1984-, et al. (författare)
  • Evaluation of uncertainty on Shore hardness measurements of tyre treads and implications to tyre/road noise measurements with the Close Proximity method
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Measurement. - : Elsevier. - 0263-2241 .- 1873-412X. ; 162
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Shore hardness measurements subject rubber bodies to standardized indentations. While easily performed, the measurements are subject to uncertainties. Although typical variances for Shore hardness are found in standards, operator and instrument effects are not well described, requiring statistically designed experiments to estimate effects and variance components. This paper focuses on uncertainty in Shore A hardness measurements of tyre tread elements and quantifies operator and instrument effects. Evaluation of uncertainty of Shore A measurements were performed on tyres under controlled conditions using three instruments, two tyres and five operators. Results show that the operator variance component and instrument effects are larger than the reference variance contribution in ISO 11819-3:2017. The interaction between operator and instrument is estimated to be the largest source of variation, while operator and instrument main effects are of similar size as the error component. Recommendations to reduce uncertainties include ignoring instantaneous values and requiring an instrument stand.
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8.
  • Praetorius, Gesa, 1980-, et al. (författare)
  • Control and Resilience Within the Maritime Traffic Management Domain
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making. - : SAGE Publications. - 1555-3434 .- 2169-5032. ; 8:4, s. 303-317
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This article presents research conducted within the Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) domain. VTS is a service that is provided close to ports and geographically challenging areas to support merchant vessels in their navigation. Although VTS is legally an advice and assistance service, applying concepts from Cognitive Systems Engineering and Resilience Engineering can highlight how the joint human-machine system works to promote safe and efficient traffic movements. The VTS is a Joint Cognitive System that maintains control through a mixture of opportunistic and tactical control. Strategic control is only partially supported by the higher levels of system aggregation that provide the basis for defining daily operations within the settings of the VTS. To increase the VTS system’s ability to anticipate, respond, monitor, and learn, and therefore the ability to be resilient, there is a need to promote more strategic and tactical control within daily operations.
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9.
  • Praetorius, Gesa, 1980-, et al. (författare)
  • Learning lessons in resilient traffic management : A cross-domain study of Vessel Traffic Service and Air Traffic Control
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Human Factors : a view from an integrative perspective. - Groningen : HFES Europe Chapter. - 9780945289449 ; , s. 277-287
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Although younger than the maritime domain, aviation has had a huge impact on the system design and development within shipping. Stakeholders often look towards aviation to make shipping, and the way that traffic is handled and organised, safer, more efficient and more effective. Although legally not the same, Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) is frequently compared to Air Traffic Control (ATC). In this article the area of traffic management within the maritime and aviation domains is addressed from a Resilience Engineering perspective. Focus is placed on the arrival part of a mission. The comparison is based on information collected during two study visits at VTS centres and one study visit at an ATC centre. The two organisations are described with the help of the Resilient Engineering capabilities: to respond, to monitor, to anticipate, and to learn. Furthermore, it is discussed how VTS and ATC adapt to cope with the complexity encountered during daily work.
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10.
  • Praetorius, Gesa, et al. (författare)
  • Resilience and complexity in a maritime service supply chain's everyday operation
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Service Supply Chain Systems. - London : CRC Press. - 9781138028296 - 9781315682143 ; , s. 121-137
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The maritime transport system is one of the major means for transporting goods as safely, efficiently and environmentally friendly as possible. In this system, ports rep-resent hubs connecting maritime to other transport modes such as railway, road and aviation. Therefore ports and their services can be considered as critical bottlenecks where operations need to be sustained in a large variety of operating conditions. This chapter presents an analysis of the Vessel Traffic Service (VTS), a maritime shore-based information service which is part of a port’s infrastructure. VTS is a key service in guar-anteeing safe, fluent and efficient traffic flows in and out of a port, therefore making it a crucial part of a port’s ability to provide a constant service performance despite the large uncertainties that are inherent to maritime operations. Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) is used to build a functional model of the VTS to analyse the system design and its impact on the service supply chain’s ability to operate in a resilient manner, i.e. being able to sustain required operations prior, during and after disturbances or changes of operating conditions. While the chapter focuses on the mar-itime domain, it also provides an example on how a function-based approach can be used to understand and design service supply chains with a focus on how they achieve successful adaption to the large variety of operating conditions.
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