| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Lundberg, Oskar, 1980-
(författare)
-
On the influence of surface roughness on rolling contact forces
- 2016
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Road vehicle tyres, railway wheels and ball bearings all generate rolling contact forces which are transferred within a finite area of contact between the rolling element and the substrate. Either it is visible or not for the human eye, a certain degree of roughness is always present on the contacting surfaces and it influences the generation of both vertical and lateral contactforces. The purpose of this investigation is to enhance the understanding and modelling of the influence from small-scale surface roughness on the generation of rolling contact forces. To this end, a computationally efficient method to include roughness-induced contact nonlinearities in the dynamic modelling of rolling contacts is proposed. The method is implemented in a time domain model for vertical wheel–track interaction to model rolling-induced rail vibrations, showing good agreement with measurements. Furthermore, a test rig is developed and used for the investigation of tyre–road rolling contact forces. Detailed studies are performed on the influence of substrate roughness on the resulting contact forces for a tyre tread block which is rolling at different operating conditions. The choice of substrate as well as the rolling velocity and the slip ratio is observed to have significant influence on the resulting friction coefficient. For high slip ratios, stick–slip oscillations appear, exhibiting frequency content which is largely dependent on the choice of substrate. The outcomes of this study can potentially be used to improve future tyre–road contacts with respect to wear, traction and noise generation.
|
|
| 3. |
- Grishenkov, Dmitry, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
Acoustic properties of polymer-shelled ultrasound contrast agents. Bulk volume vs. microcapillary
- 2009
-
Ingår i: 16th International Congress on Sound and Vibration 2009, ICSV 2009. - Krakow. - 9781615677368 ; , s. 2515-2522
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The focus of contrast-enhanced ultrasound research has developed beyond detecting the blood pool to new areas such as perfusion imaging, drug and gene therapy, and targeted imaging. Polymer-shelled microbubbles are proposed as a new generation of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) which fulfil the requirements of these applications. With a shelf-life of several months and possibility to conjugate pharmacological molecules to their surface, these UCAs will allow not only to enhance the contrast of ultrasound images, but also to function as carriers of drugs to be delivered locally. In this study, the results of an experimental investigation of three types of UCAs stabilized by thick poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) shell are presented. These UCAs are synthesized from a PVA aqueous solution under varied pH values and temperature. The UCAs differ from each other in their average diameter, shell thickness and polydispersity. Knowledge of the peak negative pressure at which the solid shell fractures is paramount for a proper use of UCAs. Therefore, the dependence of this quantity on temperature and number of cycles in the incident pulse is examined. Much of the blood volume resides in the microcirculation, with capillaries playing a particularly important role in patho-physiology and drug delivery. In this sense in vitro characterization of the UCAs oscillation was moved from bulk volume to the capillary scale, where tissue-bubble interaction takes place. The main conclusion to be drawn from these results is that the shell of the UCAs begin to fracture at values of mechanical index (MI) approved for clinical applications. The fatigue, i.e. the accumulation of damage within the shell of the UCAs, is found to play an important role in fracturing the shell. Finally adhesion of the UCAs to the elastic wall is studied and correlated with estimates of the shell’s visco-elastic constants. Open questions arising from this comparison are briefly discussed.
|
|
| 4. |
- Lundberg, Oskar, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
A compact internal drum test rig for measurements of rolling contact forces between a single treadblock and a substrate
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A novel test rig design is presented which enables detailed studies of the three force components generated in the impact and release phase of rolling contact between a tyre tread block and a substrate. The design of the compact internal drum test rig provides realistic impact and release angles for the tread block-substrate contact and enables force measurements at high rolling speeds with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Measurements of the rolling contact forces are presented for different values of rolling velocity, static pre-load and acceleration. It is demonstrated that this test rig provides results which contribute to the understanding of tyre--road interaction and can be used as input to modelling-based development of both tyres and roads aiming for improved handling, safety, energy efficiency and comfort.
|
|
| 5. |
- Grishenkov, Dmitry, 1983-
(författare)
-
Polymer-shelled Ultrasound Contrast Agents : Characterization and Application
- 2010
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ultrasound-based imaging technique is probably the most used approach for rapid investigationand monitoring of anatomical and physiological conditions of internal organs and tissues.Ultrasound-based techniques do not require the use of ionizing radiation making the tests anexceptionally safe and painless. Operating in the frequency range between 1 to 15 MHz, medicalultrasound provides reliable visual and quantitative information from both superficial structuressuch as muscles and tendons, and also deeper organs such as liver and kidney. From the technicalpoint of view medical ultrasound has a good spatial and temporal resolution. Ultrasound machineis mobile or even portable, which makes it truly bedside modality. And last but not the least,ultrasound investigations are cheaper in comparison to other real time imaging techniques. Ultrasound imaging techniques can be greatly improved by the use of contrast agents to enhancethe signal from the area of interest (e.g. cardiac or liver tissues) relative to the background.Typically ultrasound contrast agent (UCA) is a suspension of the microbubbles consisting of agas core encapsulated within the solid shell. Generally these devices are injected systemically andfunction to passively enhance the ultrasound echo. In recent years, the UCAs have evolved frombeing just a visualization tool to become a new multifunctional and complex device for drug orgene therapy and targeted imaging. The overall objective of the project is to test novel polymer shelled microbubbles (MBs) as apossible new generation of ultrasound contrast agents. During the first year of the project an innovative criterion based on cross-correlation analysis toassess the pressure threshold at which ultrasonic waves fracture the polymer shell of microbubblehas been developed. In addition, acoustic properties of these microbubbles which are relevant totheir use both as contrast agents and drug carriers for localized delivery have been preliminarytested. Furthermore, in order to reconstruct viscoelastic properties of the shell the originalChurch’s model (1995) has been implemented. In collaboration with Karolinska Institutet, imagesof the microbubbles have been acquired with conventional imaging system. These imagesdemonstrate the potential of the novel polymer-shelled microbubbles to be used as contractenhancing agents. The objective of the second year was to describe the acoustic and mechanical properties ofdifferent types of microbubbles synthesised under varied conditions. This task was divided in twointerrelated parts. In the first part acoustic characterization has been completed in low intensityregion with the study of backscattered power, attenuation and phase velocity. In order torecalculate mechanical properties of the shell existing theoretical model has been furtheriimodified to accommodate the frequency dependence of viscoelastic properties andsimultaneously fit the attenuation and phase velocity data. The results concerning acoustic andmechanical properties of the microbubbles have been sent as a feedback to the manufacture inorder to optimize fabrication protocol for effective image acquisition. In the second part acousticcharacterization has been performed in high intensity region under varied parameters ofexperimental set-up. The results that illustrate the dependence of the fracture pressure thresholdon the system parameters allows us to discuss the potential role of polymer-shelled UCAs as drugcarriers and formulate the protocol for save, localized, cavitation-mediated drug delivery. For the third year the major task was to move on from the bulk volume in vitro tests towards themicrocapillary study and even further to incorporate the microcapillary into the tissue mimickingultrasound phantom. The last study has the objective to take into account the wave propagationthrough tissue. And last but not the least, the application of the polymer-shelled microbubblesfor evaluation of perfusion characteristics, i.e. capillary volume and velocity of the flow, has beenperformed. Similar tests are carried out with commercially available phospholipid-shelled UCA.Using destruction/replenishment technique it is suggested that the novel polymer-shelledmicrobubbles have a potential for a more accurate perfusion evaluation compared to that ofcommercially available phospholipid-shelled UCA. In conclusion, proposed polymer-shelled gas-core microbubbles provide a viable system to beused among the next generation of ultrasound contrast agents, which facilitate not only imageenhancement relevant to diagnostics but also localized and specific drug delivery for non-invasivetherapy even in acute conditions.
|
|
| 6. |
- Zea, Elias, 1989-
(författare)
-
Sound field separation with microphone arrays
- 2017
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sound field analysis is a fundamental tool in the design, manufacturing, testing and diagnosis of machines and transportation means, as well as the legislations that regulate noise levels in order to minimize environmental pollution. Customary solutions to the problem of sound field analysis are microphone array technologies such as near-field acoustic holography (NAH) and beamforming. One of the challenges of using these technologies often lies in the difficulty for separating disturbing sounds from the target source, specially when these are correlated. For example, NAH requires that no reflecting surfaces are found in the vicinity of the array, which is in theory only possible in an echo-free chamber. On the other hand, beamforming is most suitably used to separate uncorrelated sound sources, which is not the case of, for instance, the noise generated by the contact between the wheel of a train and a railway track. The present thesis examines the research problems of separating a sound source from its reflections, and separating the rail noise from the total noise radiated by a passing train. The overall goal of the thesis is to push the limits of microphone array technologies in the context of sound field separation, to the end of minimizing the cost and complexity of measurements and analyses. The proposed separation methods are formulated in the wavenumber domain, and the measurements are done with uniform single layer microphone arrays. The problem of separating reflections is addressed in three different papers: (i) compact sources and a parallel reflector, (ii) planar source and a parallel reflector, and (iii) a perpendicular reflector with respect to the microphone array, and the common requirement is the knowledge of the reflector impedance. The problem of separating rail noise is studied in a fourth paper, and the proposed method is formulated such that it does not require prior knowledge of the rail properties. Upon the findings obtained in the papers, a comprehensive description of areas for future work, as well as strategies to approach them, is given at the end of the thesis.
|
|
| 7. |
- Sun, Jia
(författare)
-
Rotating Structure Modeling and Damping Measurements
- 2011
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The structural damping is of importance to suppress the vibration amplitude of compressor blades rotating at high angular velocity under a high cycle impact. To avoid the appearance of the high cycle fatigue (HCF), damping materials may be applied to the compressor blades. To quantify the effect while using damping materials, a numerical tool needs to be developed for the damping prediction of a dynamic rotating blade. This thesis is divided into two parts: Paper A develops a dynamic model of a rotating blade and Paper B a damping structure model including measurements.In Paper A, a dynamic rotating blade model is developed by using a plate model at an arbitrary stagger angle. Hamilton’s principle is applied to derive a system of equations of motion and the corresponding boundary conditions. Numerical simulation is implemented to perform eigenfrequency analysis by the Extended Galerkin method. In addition, parametric analysis is performed with respect to rotation speed and stagger angle, respectively. Results show a good agreement with those of the finite element method. Finally, forced response analysis is determined for two cases; a point force and a distribution force, using a proportional damping model.In Paper B, unconstrained and constrained damping techniques are applied to increase the structural damping of the blades, including measurement and modeling results. Two specimens, titanium and stainless steel, are treated by aluminum oxide and epoxy coating material. Measurement results show that both treatments give damping increase, where aluminum oxide is more effective for damping improvement than the corresponding epoxy treatment. The unconstrained damping layer model is used to predict the total material damping of the combined structure as well as the material damping of coating layer. Furthermore, the constrained-layer model is used to optimize the damping configuration. Two compressor blades in titanium and stainless steel are tested in air and vacuum. One reason is being that the radiation loss factor increases the total damping comparing with that under vacuum condition. The calculation of radiation loss factor is performed to match the measurement data. Finally, increased material damping decreases peak stress and therefore increases the life time of the compressor blades.
|
|
| 8. |
- Kari, Leif
(författare)
-
Dynamic Vibration Absorbers
- 2008. - 1
-
Ingår i: Handbook of Noise and Vibration Control. - Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons. - 9780471395997 ; , s. 745-752
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- Afzal, Mohammad, 1987-
(författare)
-
Numerical modelling and analysis of friction contact for turbine blades
- 2015
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- High cycle fatigue failure of turbine and compressor blades due to resonance in the operating frequency range is one of the main problems in the design of gas turbine engines. To suppress excessive vibrations in the blades and prevent high cycle fatigue, dry friction dampers are used by the engine manufacturers. However, due to the nonlinear nature of friction contact, analysis of such systems becomes complicated.This work focuses on the numerical modelling of friction contact and a 3D friction contact model is developed. To reduce the computation time in the Newton-iteration steps, a method to compute the Jacobian matrix in parallel to the contact forces is proposed. The developed numerical scheme is successfully applied on turbine blades with shroud contact having an arbitrary 3D relative displacement. The equations of motion are formulated in the frequency domain using the multiharmonic balance method to accurately capture the nonlinear contact forces and displacements. Moreover, the equations of motion of the full turbine blade model are reduced to a single sector model by exploiting the concept of the cyclic symmetry boundary condition for a periodic structure.The developed 3D coupled numerical contact model is compared with a 3D contact model having uncoupled tangential motion and drawback of the uncoupled contact model is discussed. Furthermore, presence of higher harmonics in the nonlinear contact forces is analyzed and their effect on the excitation of the different harmonic indices (nodal diameters) of the bladed disk are systematically presented. Moreover, due to the quasi-analytical computation of the Jacobian matrix, the developed scheme is proved to be effective in solving the equations of motion and significant reduction in time is achieved without loss of accuracy.
|
|
