| 1. |
- Persson, Bertil R, et al.
(författare)
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Mörka Neuron och Mobiltelefoner : Dedicerad till en 90-årig man, Arne Brun i Lund
- 2021
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Ingår i: Acta Scientiarum Lundensia. - 1651-5013. ; 2021:001, s. 1-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Med denna svenska översikt av våra egna och andra forskares observationer av mörka neuron vid mikrovågs exponering från mobiltelefoner, som lite senkommet tillägnas Arne Brun på hans 90 års-dag, vill vi att hans insatser blir uppmärksammade och inte faller i glömska.Kring 2000 millennium skiftet pågick ett intensivt arbete i Lund med att sammanfatta och bekräfta effekterna av exponering med GSM-900 MHz mikrovågor på blod-hjärna barriären och hjärnans neuroner. Leif G. Salford, Arne Brun och medarbetare presenterade år 2003 i tidskriften Environmental Health Perspectives resultaten från en undersökning av skador på nervcellerna i råtthjärna efter exponering för mikrovågor från GSM Mobiltelefoner. Kontroller och testdjur visade alla tecken på närvao av albumin i hypotalamus, vilket år normalt och indikerar att albumin infärgningen av BBB läckaget också fungerar. Cresylviolettfärgningen avslöjade förekomst av spridda och grupperade mörka nervceller, som ofta var skrumpna och mörkt homogent färgade utan urskiljbara interna cellstrukturer. Några av dessa mörka nervceller var också albuminpositiva eller visade cytoplasmatiska mikrovakuoler som indikerar en aktiv patologisk process. År 2008 presenterades resultaten av ytterligare undersökningar av blod-hjärn barriärens permeabilitet och nervcellsskador i råtthjärnan efter en återhämtningstid på antingen 14 och 28 dagar efter 2 timmas exponering för mikrovågor från GSM-mobiltelefoner i 900 MHz-bandet. Efter 14 dagars återhämtningstid observerades albumin-läckage i BBB och albumin upptag i neuroner. Mörka neuron observerades endast hos råttor som exponerats med det lägsta SAR-värdet, 0,12 mW/kg. Efter 28 dagars återhämtnings period observerades läckage av albumin endast hos råttor som exponerats med det högsta SAR-värdet, 100 mW/kg. Däremot observerades efter 28 dagar förekomst av mörka neuron i råtthjärnor hos alla grupperna vilket korrelerade väl med neuronernas albumin upptag.I studien observeras neuro-patologiska förändringar redan vid SAR-värden så låga som 0,12 mW/kg vilket överensstämmer med våra tidigare resultat. Speciellt iögonfallande är att det högsta albumin upptaget i neuroner observeras vid den lägsta SAR nivån på 0,12 mW/kg. Frekvensen hos förekomsten av mörka nervceller ökade, jämfört med kontrollerna både efter 14 och 28 dagars återhämtning, men var endast signifikant vid 28 dagar efter exponering. Inga signifikanta tecken på förekomsten av mörka neuron observerades emellertid efter 7 dagars återhämtning.I en Fransk studie redovisad av Poulletier de Gannes och medarbetare 2009 exponerades enbart huvudet hos 16 st. Fischer 344-råttor (14 veckor gamla) för GSM-900 under 2 timmar vid SAR värden 0,14 och 2,0 W/kg. Fjorton alternatvt 50 dagar efter GSM-900 exponeringen kunde varken BBB-läckage eller förekomst av mörka nervceller upptäckas i rått hjärnorna. Deras resultat indikerar att det föreligger en väsentlig skillnad i resultaten vid helkropp exponering jämfört med exponering av endast huvudet.År 2015 presenterades en studie, stödd av Nationella Vetenskaps Akademin i Kina (NSFC), avseende albumin-läckage i blod-hjärnbarriären efter exponering med kontinuerliga mikrovågor på 900 MHz med SARvärden mellan 0,016 (hela kroppen) och 2 W/kg (lokalt i huvudet). Hos råttor som exponerats under 28 dagar observerades cellulärt ödem och neuronal cellorganell degeneration hos råttorna. Dessutom observerades med immun-färgning BBB-läckage av albumin i hippocampus och cortex. Efter exponering för 900 MHz mikrovågor under 14 respektive 28 dagar hade serum albumin diffunderat in i neuropilen mellan cellkropparna, som omger neuronerna. Upptag av Albumin i hippocampus neuron hos råttor exponerade under 28 dagar, visar förekomst av mörka neuron. Deras resultat är i linje med Lunda-resultaten som publicerades 2003 och 2008.
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| 2. |
- Persson, Bertil R, et al.
(författare)
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S-100 protein levels in the blood of Fischer rats exposed to 915 MHz CW-microwaves and magnetic fields.
- 2020
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Ingår i: Acta Scientiarum Lundensia. - 1651-5013. ; 2020:005, s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- EnglishPersson, B. R. R., Nittby Redenbrant, H., Malmgren, L., Brun, A., and Salford, L. G. (2020). S-100 protein levels in the blood of Fischer rats exposed to 915 MHz CW-microwaves and magnetic fields. Acta Scientiarum Lundensia, Vol. 2020-005, pp. 1-9, ISSN 1651-5013Abstrakt.Syftet var att studera nivån av S-100 i blodprover som tagits från Fischer-344-råttor efter exponering för 915 MHz CW-mikrovågor och ELF-magnetfält i TEM-celler. Magnetfältsexponering ägde rum med TEM-cellen i ett Helmholtz-spolarrangemang med antingen 50 Hz sinusformat magnetfält på 5 µT eller inkoherent magnetfältbrus IMF med en maximal amplitud på 50 µT.Det verkar inte finnas någon signifikant förändring i S-100-koncentrationen i blod hos råttor som exponerats under 6 timmar för höga nivåer (4W) av kontinuerlig våg (CW) 915MHz mikrovågor, 50Hz sinusformade magnetfält (5µT) och osammanhängande magnetfält (IMF) vid 50µT. Däremot indikerar resultaten av den kombinerade exponeringen CW + IMF en minskad koncentration av S100 i blod.Minskningen överensstämmer med resultaten av en undersökning under 2010 att de extremt lågfrekventa (ELF) magnetfälten från fläktmotorn (50Hz AC, 0,3-1,5 T) minskade det förväntade BBB-läckaget av albumin på grund av mikrovågsexponering .Resultaten från andra studier indikerar också att bioeffekter orsakade av exponering för mikrovågor reduceras genom överläggning med extremt lågfrekventa magnetfält ELF. Det är därför av yttersta vikt när man undersöker bioeffekter från mikrovågor för att också kontrollera nivåer och frekvenser av lågfrekventa magnetfält i omgivningen, vilket kan vara en av anledningarna till den breda spridningen i de rapporterade resultaten.
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| 3. |
- Persson, Bertil R, et al.
(författare)
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Brain tumour growth in rats exposed to electromagnetic fields used in wireless cellular communication
- 2014
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Ingår i: Acta Scientiarum Lundensia. - 1651-5013. ; 2014:001, s. 1-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 1996 there was no convincing laboratory evidence that EMFs used in wireless communication could cause tumour promotion at non-thermal exposure levels. Therefore we then performed a study of the effects from exposure to such electromagnetic fields in the rat brain glioma model we were using in our research for brain tumour therapy. By stereotaxic technique rat glioma cells (RG2 or N32) were injected into the head of the right caudate nucleus in 154 pairs of Fischer 344 rats in both exposed and matched controls. Starting on day 5 after inoculation, the animals were exposed for 7 hours a day, 5 days a week during 2 - 3 weeks. Rats of both sexes were exposed to electromagnetic fields in the microwaves frequency range 915 MHz both as continuous waves (1 W), and as pulse-modulated at 4, 8, 16 and 217 Hz in 0.57 ms long pulses and 50 Hz in 6.67 ms pulses, all with a maximum power amplitude of 2 W per pulse. The animals were kept un-anaesthetized in well-ventilated TEM cells during 7 hours a day for 5 days a week for 2-3 weeks. Their matched controls were kept in identical TEM cells without EMF exposure. At the end of the exposure period the rat brains were examined histopathologically. The tumour size was measured with a calliper and the volume estimated as an ellipsoid. Our study of the 154 matched pairs of rats did not show any significant difference in tumour volume between animals exposed to 915 MHz microwaves, and those not exposed. Thus our results did not support that daily exposure to EMF promotes tumour growth when given from the fifth day after the start of tumour growth in the rat brain until the sacrifice of the animal 16 days later. In the present review our results published 1997 have been re-evaluated in terms of SAR dependence of tumour volume observed ratio (exposed / control). We thus surprisingly found that the shape of tumour volume-OR versus SAR response was of bath-tube pattern, similar to that found in our parallel studies of albumin leakage through the blood-brain barrier. Since the SAR varies between most other animal studies reviewed and human epidemiological studies this SAR dependence might explain the controversy in rendering the results.
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| 4. |
- Persson, Bertil R, et al.
(författare)
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Non-thermal" Effects on the Blood-Brain Barrier in Fischer rats by exposure to microwaves
- 2012
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Ingår i: Acta Scientiarum Lundensia. - 1651-5013. ; 2012-006:006, s. 1-39
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Effect of 915 MHz electromagnetic fields (EMF) on the blood brain-barrier (BBB) permeability has been studied in Fischer 344 rats of both sexes. Male and female Fischer 344 rats were exposed in a Transverse Electromagnetic Transmission line chamber to microwaves of 915 MHz as continuous wave (CW) and pulse-modulated with different pulse power and at various time intervals. The CW-pulse power varied from 0.001W to 10 W and the exposure time from 2 min. to 960 min. In each experiment we randomly placed 4 rats in excited and 4 control rats in non-excited TEM-cells respectively. The rats were not anaesthetised during the exposure. The rats were exposed to 915 MHz microwaves, either continuous wave (CW) or pulse modulated at 4,8,16 or 217 Hz with 0.57 ms pulse width, or pulse modulated at 50 Hz with 6.6 ms pulse width as well as from a real GSM-900 telephone. All animals were sacrificed by perfusion-fixation of the brains under chloralhydrate anaesthesia after the exposure. The brains were then perfused, first with saline for 3-4 minutes, and then with 4% formaldehyde for 5-6 minutes. Whole coronal sections of the brains were dehydrated and embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 5 μm. The degree of albumin leakage was demonstrated immune-histo-chemically and classified in order of increased number of albumin extravasations by a rank number: 0 - 0.5 - 1.0 - 1.5 - 2 - 3. Pathological albumin leakage was judged as albumin extravasations equal to or larger than 1. The frequency of pathological rats in all control groups was about 17%. Among rats exposed to pulse modulated microwaves the ratio of pathological rats was 170/481(0.35±0.03) and among rats exposed to continuous wave exposure (CW) it was 74/149 (0.50±0.07). These results are both highly significantly different to their corresponding controls (p<0.0001). The rats were exposed to SAR various values: 0.2; 2; (20-40); (100-500); (1000-3000) mW/kg. In the 217 Hz modulated group (GSM simulated) we found the most increased ratio of albumin extravasations OR= 4 at 0.2 mW/kg. But no significant increased ratio at SAR 2000 mW/kg. The response curve of OR versus log(SAR) had the shape of a bathtub, with a minimum at a100 mW/kg. A similar curve was recorded for OR versus Specific Absorbed Energy (SAE Joule / kg) with a minimum at 100 J/kg. Similar response curves were recorded for the various modulation frequencies 4; 8; 16; 50 Hz. We found no pronounced difference between the various modulation frequencies other than the effect of CW exposure seems to be more effective than pulse modulated exposure in opening the BBB at high SAR values 100-2000 mW/kg. Conclusion: The opening of the BBB is most effective at SAR values in the range of 0.1-0.5 mW.kg-1 and less effective in the range of 50-500 mW.kg-1. In this low SAR range thermal effects are unlikely. Thus there seems to be a non-thermal mechanism involved triggering the opening of the BBB.
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| 5. |
- Salford, Leif, et al.
(författare)
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GSM 900 MHz exposure of Transgenic GFAP-Mice: A study of histopathology, Tumour induction and BBB leakage
- 2012
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Ingår i: Acta Scientiarum Lundensia. - 1651-5013. ; 2012-003, s. 1-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Abstract. In previous work we have studied the effects of electromagnetic fields upon the promotion of growth of tumours from two different rat glioma cell lines, RG2 and N32, inoculated in the brains of Fischer 344 rats. No promotions of tumour growth due to the EMF could be demonstrated in large series of animals as compared to their matched controls. In the present study we have utilized a newly generated "knock-out" mouse model. By the use of gene targeting, Pekny et al. have created mice deficient for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which is an astrocyte-specific protein that forms intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton of astrocytes. The GFAP-deficient mice utilized by us develop spontaneous tumours, both lymphoblastic (non-Hodgkin) lymphomas and Anaplastic rapidly growing tumours diagnosed as malignant Swannomas. The test system consists of four TEM-cells. A GSM telephone is hooked up to a terminal program on a computer that controls the power and repetition of pulses. The rats were exposed for about 8 hours during 43 days for a total time of 1143 hours. In male GFAP-mice we found tumours in all 6 controls and in 4 out of 6 exposed. We found, however, no tumours in FM controls and in seven exposed FM mice we fund only 1 tumour. Microwave exposure revealed no significant effect on tumour evolution in the GFAP-mice. In the CBA-mice microwave exposure gave no significant results of BBB-leakage. But for the CBA-mice BBB-leakage after microwave exposure of CBA-mice was found probable at a 99% significance-level.
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| 6. |
- Nittby, Henrietta, et al.
(författare)
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Nonthermal GSM RF and ELF EMF effects upon rat BBB permeability
- 2011
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Ingår i: The Environmentalist. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0251-1088 .- 1573-2991. ; 31:2, s. 140-148
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the late 1980s, our group has examined the effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF), including pulse-modulated waves of the type emitted by mobile phones, upon the blood-brain barrier. In more than 2,000 rats, we have repeatedly demonstrated a passage of the rats' own albumin from the blood through the brain capillaries into the surrounding brain parenchyma at SAR values down to 0.1mW/kg. In most of these experiments, the animals were exposed in TEM-cells, ventilated by an external electrical fan at 50 Hz. In the present study, we examined whether the extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields from the fan (50 Hz, 0.3-1.5 μT) might add to the RF effect. Sixty-four rats were divided into 4 groups: RF only, ELF only and RF + ELF exposure plus a sham group. The GSM-900 MHz RF exposure was at the very low, nonthermal, average whole-body SAR level 0.4 mW/kg. Demonstration of the normally occurring albumin extravasation in the basal hypothalamus is our inbuilt control proving that the staining is reliable. Two full series of staining of the whole material gave negative results for hypothalamus. Not until we changed to avidin, biotin, and antibodies from a third supplier, we received an acceptable staining. Twenty-five percent of the RF animals had a pathological albumin leakage, while the ELF and RF + ELF groups with three and two pathological findings, respectively, were not significantly different from the control group. We conclude that the use of external fans has had no major influence upon the result.
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| 7. |
- Nittby, Henrietta, et al.
(författare)
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Increased blood-brain barrier permeability in mammalian brain 7 days after exposure to the radiation from a GSM-900 mobile phone.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Pathophysiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-149X .- 0928-4680.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Microwaves were for the first time produced by humans in 1886 when radio waves were broadcasted and received. Until then microwaves had only existed as a part of the cosmic background radiation since the birth of universe. By the following utilization of microwaves in telegraph communication, radars, television and above all, in the modern mobile phone technology, mankind is today exposed to microwaves at a level up to 10(20) times the original background radiation since the birth of universe. Our group has earlier shown that the electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile phones alters the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), resulting in albumin extravasation immediately and 14 days after 2h of exposure. In the background section of this report, we present a thorough review of the literature on the demonstrated effects (or lack of effects) of microwave exposure upon the BBB. Furthermore, we have continued our own studies by investigating the effects of GSM mobile phone radiation upon the blood-brain barrier permeability of rats 7 days after one occasion of 2h of exposure. Forty-eight rats were exposed in TEM-cells for 2h at non-thermal specific absorption rates (SARs) of 0mW/kg, 0.12mW/kg, 1.2mW/kg, 12mW/kg and 120mW/kg. Albumin extravasation over the BBB, neuronal albumin uptake and neuronal damage were assessed. Albumin extravasation was enhanced in the mobile phone exposed rats as compared to sham controls after this 7-day recovery period (Fisher's exact probability test, p=0.04 and Kruskal-Wallis, p=0.012), at the SAR-value of 12mW/kg (Mann-Whitney, p=0.007) and with a trend of increased albumin extravasation also at the SAR-values of 0.12mW/kg and 120mW/kg. There was a low, but significant correlation between the exposure level (SAR-value) and occurrence of focal albumin extravasation (r(s)=0.33; p=0.04). The present findings are in agreement with our earlier studies where we have seen increased BBB permeability immediately and 14 days after exposure. We here discuss the present findings as well as the previous results of altered BBB permeability from our and other laboratories.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Eberhardt, Jacob, et al.
(författare)
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Blood-brain barrier permeability and nerve cell damage in rat brain 14 and 28 days after exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1536-8386 .- 1536-8378. ; 27:3, s. 215-229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated the effects of global system for mobile communication (GSM) microwave exposure on the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and signs of neuronal damage in rats using a real GSM programmable mobile phone in the 900 MHz band. Ninety-six non-anaesthetized rats were either exposed to microwaves or sham exposed in TEM-cells for 2 h at specific absorption rates of average whole-body Specific Absorption Rates (SAR) of 0.12, 1.2, 12, or 120 mW/kg. The rats were sacrificed after a recovery time of either 14 or 28 d, following exposure and the extravazation of albumin, its uptake into neurons, and occurrence of damaged neurons was assessed. Albumin extravazation and also its uptake into neurons was seen to be enhanced after 14 d (Kruskal Wallis test: p = 0.02 and 0.002, respectively), but not after a 28 d recovery period. The occurrence of dark neurons in the rat brains, on the other hand, was enhanced later, after 28 d (p = 0.02). Furthermore, in the 28-d brain samples, neuronal albumin uptake was significantly correlated to occurrence of damaged neurons (Spearman r = 0.41; p < 0.01).
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| 10. |
- Grafström, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
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Histopathological examinations of rat brains after long-term exposure to GSM-900 mobile phone radiation.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Brain Research Bulletin. - : Elsevier BV. - 0361-9230. ; 77, s. 257-263
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to mimic the real life situation, with often life-long exposure to the electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones, we have investigated in a rat model the effects of repeated exposures under a long period to Global System for Mobile Communication-900MHz (GSM-900) radiation. Out of a total of 56 rats, 32 were exposed once weekly in a 2-h period, for totally 55 weeks, at different average whole-body specific absorption rates (SAR) (of in average 0.6 and 60mW/kg at the initiation of the experimental period). The animals were exposed in a transverse electromagnetic transmission line chamber (TEM-cell) to radiation emitted by a GSM-900 test phone. Sixteen animals were sham exposed and eight animals were cage controls, which never left the animal house. After behavioural tests, 5-7 weeks after the last exposure, the brains were evaluated for histopathological alterations such as albumin extravasation, dark neurons, lipofuscin aggregation and signs of cytoskeletal and neuritic neuronal changes of the type seen in human ageing. In this study, no significant alteration of any these histopathological parameters was found, when comparing the GSM exposed animals to the sham exposed controls.
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