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- Svensson, Leif, 1981-
(författare)
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Luther i den moderna lutherdomens tjänst : Albrecht Ritschl och den svenska Lutherrenässansen
- 2022
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Ingår i: Svensk teologisk kvartalskrift. - : Svensk teologisk kvartalskrift. - 0039-6761 .- 2003-6248. ; 97:4, s. 335-350
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There are plenty of misconceptions about how the Luther Renaissance in Sweden relates to Albrecht Ritschl and nineteenth-century German Luther research. This article sheds new light on the importance of Ritschl's groundbreaking Luther interpretation to the first generation of the Swedish Luther Renaissance, as represented by its leading voices – Einar Billing and Nathan Söderblom. I demonstrate that there are substantial similarities between how Ritschl, Billing, and Söderblom approach and make use of Luther's thought. They all combine a careful analysis of Luther's theology with an interest in understanding his role in history. And despite their high regard of Luther as the great Protestant reformer, Ritschl, Billing, and Söderblom at times show a considerable distance to his thinking. It is also evident that they found solutions to contemporary questions and challenges in Luther's writings. Their constructive use of Luther is, I further argue, closely related to a positive reception of historical criticism and an ambition to make Lutheranism relevant to modern society. This to a large extent explains why Ritschl, Billing, and Söderblom have a freer attitude towards Luther than many of their Lutheran colleagues, and also why they emphasize those aspects of his theology that they consider especially fruitful for modern society.
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| 3. |
- Svensson, Leif, 1981-
(författare)
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A theology for the Bildungsbürgertum : Albrecht Ritschl in context
- 2020
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Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- This book provides a new approach to Albrecht Ritschl’s theology. Leif Svensson argues that Ritschl’s theological project must be related to three cultural developments – historical criticism, materialism, and anti-Lutheran polemics – and understood in the context of the de-Christianization of the Bildungsbürgertum in nineteenth-century Germany.
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| 4. |
- Svensson, Leif, 1981-
(författare)
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A Theology for the Bildungsbürgertum : Ritschl in Context
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The subject of this historical-theological investigation is the German Lutheran theologian Albrecht Ritschl (1822-1889). Ritschl’s theology is understood in the context of the de-Christianization of the German Bildungsbürgertum (educated middle class). It is demonstrated that an ambition to counteract this tendency runs all through Ritschl’s theological thinking. More specifically, the study argues that Ritschl’s theology can be seen as a response to three intellectual challenges to Christianity in general and Lutheranism in particular – historical criticism, materialism, and anti-Lutheran polemics.Part I concentrates on historical criticism and Ritschl’s interpretation of history. Chapter 1, which presents Leopold von Ranke’s historicist-oriented historical school at the University of Berlin and Ferdinand Christian Baur’s theological Tübingen school, provides the wider setting of Ritschl’s historical analysis. It is argued, in chapter 2, that those schools had a significant impact – albeit in different ways – on Ritschl’s understanding of history. The contribution of Ritschl to the so-called first quest for the historical Jesus is analyzed in chapter 3, which also points out that Johannes Weiss’ and Albert Schweitzer’s apocalyptic critique of the first quest undermined the historical foundation of Ritschl’s theology.In part II, the focus is on materialism and the metaphysical framework of Ritschl’s theology. Chapter 4 discusses anthropological materialism, scientific materialism, and late idealism – three intellectual movements of relevance to Ritschl’s metaphysics. In chapter 5, Ritschl’s metaphysical framework is described as an attempt to safeguard the spiritual dimension of existence against the threat of materialism. This chapter also argues that Ritschl’s metaphysics is indebted to Hermann Lotze’s late idealist philosophy. Chapter 6 highlights the relationship between Ritschl’s metaphysics and his protest against “classical metaphysical theology,” and examines how Ritschl’s metaphysical framework leads him to reject natural theology and the classical Christological and trinitarian dogmas.Part III discusses Ritschl’s theological ethics or understanding of Christian life in the context of the values of the Bildungsbürgertum and against the background of anti-Lutheran polemics. In chapter 7, an overview of the ethos of the educated middle class is provided. The subject of chapter 8 is Ritschl’s defense of Luther’s cultural importance against Paul de Lagarde’s criticism of the Lutheran Reformation. Chapter 9 carries out an analysis of Ritschl’s thinking on Christian life and its modern sources, especially noting the influences of Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Schleiermacher, and exploring the similarities between Ritschl’s ethics and the values of the educated middle class.In the Conclusion, the findings of the investigation are summarized in the claim that Ritschl’s responses to historical criticism, materialism, and anti-Lutheran polemics demonstrate that his theology in many respects was a theology for the Bildungsbürgertum. The concluding chapter also reflects on the implications of the present study for the common characterization of Ritschl as a Kulturprotestant (mediator between the Protestant Reformation and modern culture), problematizes Ritschl’s interpretation of the historical Jesus, and argues that Ritschl’s theological project was essentially abandoned by his most famous students.
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| 8. |
- Herlitz, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Characteristics of cardiac arrest and resuscitation by age group : an analysis from the Swedish Cardiac Arrest Registry
- 2007
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Ingår i: American Journal of Emergency Medicine. - : W. B. Saunders Co.. - 0735-6757 .- 1532-8171. ; 25:9, s. 1025-1031
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM: The objective of this study was to describe patients who experienced an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) by age group.METHODS: All patients who suffered from an OHCA between 1990 and 2005 and are included in the Swedish Cardiac Arrest Registry (n = 40,503) were classified into the following age groups: neonates, younger than 1 year; young children, between 1 and 4 years; older children, between 5 and 12 years; adolescents, between 13 and 17 years; young adults, between 18 and 35 years; adults not retired, between 36 and 64 years; adults retired, between 65 and 79 years; and older adults, 80 years or older.RESULTS: Ventricular fibrillation was lowest in young children (3%) and highest in adults (35%). Survival to 1 month was lowest in neonates (2.6%) and highest in older children (7.8%). Children (<18 years), young adults (18-35 years), and adults (>35 years) survived to 1 month 24.5%, 21.2%, and 13.6% of cases, respectively (P = .0003 for trend) when found in a shockable rhythm. The corresponding figures for nonshockable rhythms were 3.8%, 3.2%, and 1.6%, respectively (P < .0001 for trend).CONCLUSIONS: There is a large variability in characteristics and outcome among patients in various age groups who experienced an OHCA. Among the large age groups, there was a successive decline in survival with increasing age in shockable and nonshockable rhythms.
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| 9. |
- Herlitz, Johan, 1949, et al.
(författare)
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Changes in demographic factors and mortality after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Sweden
- 2005
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Ingår i: Coron Artery Dis. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0954-6928 .- 1473-5830. ; 16:1, s. 51-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To describe changes between 1992 and 2003 in age, sex, factors at resuscitation and survival among patients suffering from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Sweden. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study including various ambulance organizations in Sweden. Patients suffering from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest between 1992 and 2003 included in the Swedish Cardiac Arrest Registry were followed for survival to 1 month. RESULTS: In all 19 791 cases took part in the survey. There was a slight increase in mean age from 68 to 70 years (P = 0.025) and an increase of females from 29 to 32% (P = 0.0001). There was a change in witnessed status (P < 0.0001) with an increase in crew-witnessed cases and a decrease in non-witnessed cases. There was a decrease in cases of a cardiac etiology from 75 to 61% (P < 0.0001) and a decrease in the percentage found in ventricular fibrillation from 36 to 25% (P < 0.0001). When crew-witnessed cases were excluded the proportion receiving bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) increased from 30 to 42% (P < 0.0001). There was a slight increase in the overall proportion of patients hospitalized alive from 16 to 20% (P = 0.032). There was no significant change in the overall proportion of survivors at 1 month after cardiac arrest (4.5% in 1992 and 5.0% in 2003). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients suffering from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Sweden some changes took place. The most important ones were a decrease in the proportion of patients found in ventricular fibrillation and an increase in the proportion of patients receiving bystander CPR. The proportion of patients admitted alive to hospital increased moderately, whereas the proportion of patients alive after 1 month remained unchanged.
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| 10. |
- Herlitz, Johan, 1949, et al.
(författare)
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Characteristics and outcome among children suffering from out of hospital cardiac arrest in Sweden
- 2005
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Ingår i: Resuscitation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0300-9572 .- 1873-1570. ; 64:1, s. 37-40
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM: To evaluate the characteristics, outcome and prognostic factors among children suffering from out of hospital cardiac arrest in Sweden. METHODS: Patients aged below 18 years suffering from out of hospital cardiac arrest which were not crew witnessed and included in the Swedish cardiac arrest registry were included in the survey. This survey included the period 1990-2001 and 60 ambulance organisations covering 85% of the Swedish population (8 million inhabitants). RESULTS: In all 457 children participated in the survey of which 32% were bystander witnessed and 68% received bystander CPR. Ventricular fibrillation was found in 6% of the cases. The overall survival to 1 month was 4%. The aetiology was sudden infant death syndrome in 34% and cardiac in 11%. When in a multivariate analysis considering age, sex, witnessed status, bystander CPR, initial rhythm, aetiology and the interval between call for, and arrival of, the ambulance and place of arrest only one appeared as an independent predictor of an increased chance of surviving cardiac arrest occurring outside home (adjusted odds ratio 8.7; 95% CL 2.2-58.1). CONCLUSION: Among children suffering from out of hospital cardiac arrest in Sweden that were not crew witnessed, the overall survival is low (4%). The chance of survival appears to be markedly increased if the arrest occurs outside the patients home compared with at home. No other strong predictors for an increased chance of survival could be demonstrated.
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