| 1. |
- Cīrulis, Aivars, et al.
(författare)
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Sex-limited experimental evolution drives transcriptomic divergence in a hermaphrodite
- 2024
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Ingår i: Genome Biology and Evolution. - : Oxford University Press. - 1759-6653 .- 1759-6653. ; 16:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The evolution of gonochorism from hermaphroditism is linked with the formation of sex chromosomes, as well as the evolution of sex-biased and sex-specific gene expression to allow both sexes to reach their fitness optimum. There is evidence that sexual selection drives the evolution of male-biased gene expression in particular. However, previous research in this area in animals comes from either theoretical models or comparative studies of already old sex chromosomes. We therefore investigated changes in gene expression under 3 different selection regimes for the simultaneous hermaphrodite Macrostomum lignano subjected to sex-limited experimental evolution (i.e. selection for fitness via eggs, sperm, or a control regime allowing both). After 21 and 22 generations of selection for male-specific or female-specific fitness, we characterized changes in whole-organism gene expression. We found that female-selected lines had changed the most in their gene expression. Although annotation for this species is limited, gene ontology term and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses suggest that metabolic changes (e.g. biosynthesis of amino acids and carbon metabolism) are an important adaptive component. As predicted, we found that the expression of genes previously identified as testis-biased candidates tended to be downregulated in the female-selected lines. We did not find any significant expression differences for previously identified candidates of other sex-specific organs, but this may simply reflect that few transcripts have been characterized in this way. In conclusion, our experiment suggests that changes in testis-biased gene expression are important in the early evolution of sex chromosomes and gonochorism.
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| 2. |
- Harring, Niklas, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Public acceptability of policy instruments for reducing fossil fuel consumption in East Africa
- 2024
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Ingår i: Climate Policy. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1469-3062 .- 1752-7457.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent decades, there has been increasing research interest in individuals’ support of and resistance to climate and environmental policy instruments. However, there is an empirical bias in the literature, as few studies have been conducted in low-income countries. Based on a survey with 4,766 respondents we identify the level of public acceptability for climate policy instruments and their determinants in East Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda). While our sample is not fully representative of the East-African population, we capture highly educated individuals in urban areas, who are likely to have a large influence on policy processes. In line with previous studies in other contexts, we find that higher education and climate change concern are linked to the acceptability of policies aimed at reducing fossil fuel consumption. Specifying how the revenue from a climate tax or subsidy removal would be used, almost doubled the support for these policy instruments. In contrast to earlier studies, we find that investments in social programmes, not environmental programmes, was the revenue specification that increased the acceptability the most. One possible explanation would be that in a context where poverty is more prevalent, social issues are more salient to people. We also find weak associations between trust in government and the acceptability of climate policy instruments in East Africa and large heterogeneity across the five focal East African countries. Besides establishing an empirical foundation for future research on climate policy support in East Africa, the study provides essential policy insights: Investing in education and improved information, contributing to increased awareness and understanding of climate concerns, can potentially increase support for climate policy proposals also in the East African context. Earmarking revenues from climate policy instruments for social programmes may also significantly boost support. However, as our study is not fully representative of the population in the five countries and relies on stated preferences, which may be subject to different biases, the results should be interpreted with caution.
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| 3. |
- Correa, Miquel
(författare)
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On new homes and green lands : Three microeconometric essays as if urban costs and rural sustainability mattered
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis is structured as a compendium of three self-contained articles, all single-authored. In the first paper, I analyze the effect of a mortgage cap, a policy implemented as a macroeconomic prudential measure by the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority in 2010, on the likelihood of the young adult population purchasing a house in Sweden. I find that the purchasing rate decreases less for the wealth-constrained individuals in relation to the wealth-unconstrained during a four-year period after the implementation of the policy.In the second paper, I examine how experiencing working from home (WFH) during the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to out-migration of the working-age population of large Swedish cities. Using register microdata of individuals in the period 2015–2021, the results show that the remote work experiment significantly increased the likelihood of moving out of large cities and of moving to the hinterlands compared to the usual internal migration flows before the pandemic.Finally, I analyze the role of geographical and cognitive proximity in the decision to adopt organic farming in Sweden for the period 2010–2016. I find that the nearby presence of earlier adopters in a parish influences current adoption, indicating the existence of proximity effects in the diffusion of environmentally sustainable technologies across a diversity of farming industries in Sweden. The effect also becomes more pronounced when farmers share cognitive similarities, defined as per type of farming industry, in particular for the dairy sector and mixed farming activities.
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| 4. |
- Dame, Getu, et al.
(författare)
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Forest loss : What is needed to reduce deforestation?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Policy instruments for an Inclusive Green Economy. - Gothenburg : Environment for Development (EfD). - 9789198747287 ; , s. 24-31
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Forest loss is a common problem in all five East African countries – Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, and Uganda. This is mainly because forest is a mean of livelihood and a source of income in all countries. Deforestation and forest degradation are accelerated by the need for charcoal, fuelwood, timber production, and unregulated logging. In addition, the competition for land, mainly agricultur all and and urbanization are also contributing to deforestation in these countries. However, the rate of forest loss differs across the five countries. For instance, the annual rate of forest loss in Ethiopia is about 0.54% whereas it is about 1.95% in Uganda.
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| 5. |
- Nordén, Anna K., et al.
(författare)
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Rapid evolution of sex role specialization in a hermaphrodite under sex-limited selection
- 2023
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Ingår i: Evolution; international journal of organic evolution. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1558-5646. ; 77:4, s. 1066-1076
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The evolution of separate sexes from hermaphroditism is thought to have occurred independently many times, and may be linked to the evolution of sex chromosomes. Even though we have a good understanding of the theoretical steps in the evolution of sex chromosomes from a hermaphrodite ancestor, the initial stages are still hard to study in animals because many well-studied animal sex chromosome systems are old. We addressed this problem by experimentally selecting a hermaphrodite via sex-limited experimental evolution for several generations, simulating the early stages in the evolution of a sex chromosome. After 14 generations, a fitness assay revealed evidence of incipient sex role specialization in the female-selected lines, presumably reflecting the release from constraints usually imposed by selection on the other sex role. Importantly, however, this was not simply explained by morphology because testis and ovary sizes did not diverge among treatments. There was no evidence of a change in the male-selected lines. Our study shows that sex role specialization can occur rapidly as a result of sex-limited selection, which is consistent with genetic constraints between sex roles, and in line with the first predicted steps toward the evolution of a new sex chromosome system.
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| 6. |
- Nordén, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Vem äger företagen? : En kartläggning av kvinnors ägande av svenska företag
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Från inledningen: I den här rapporten tar vi ett unikt grepp kring kvinnors och mäns ägande av företag i Sverige. Att äga ett företag ger ägaren makt över företaget. Det skapar förutsättningar att ta beslut som är anpassade till dem själva. Att äga ett företag ger också en möjlighet att ta ut inkomst för näringsverksamhet eller utdelning. Vilket innebär skattemässiga fördelar.Den genomsnittliga kvinnan som kan och vill äga företag ska ha samma förutsättningar att göra det som den genomsnittliga mannen. Så är det inte idag. De ojämlikheter som finns i ägandet tyder på strukturella hinder som kan kopplas till flera faktorer som uppväxt, utbildning, nätverk, diskriminering och tillgångtill kapital.Sett från ett bredare perspektiv handlar ägande om att skapa förutsättningar för ett bättre samhälle. Ett diversifierat ägande av företag gör det enklare att skapa produkter och tjänster för alla. Det handlar om att öka förmågan att lösa komplexa problem och att skapa nya innovationer.I denna rapport studerar vi ägande av företag och jämför framförallt kvinnor och män. Vi utökar analysen för att försöka fånga en del av den heterogenitet som finns inom dessa grupper och tittar på ålder samt om företagsägaren eller hens föräldrar är födda i Sverige eller inte.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Nordén, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Ägande i nöd och lust : En kartläggning av ägande i våra kärleksrelationer
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Från inledningen: I den här rapporten undersöker vi hur skillnaden mellan kvinnors och mäns ägande av fastigheter förändras i samband med att äktenskap ingås eller avslutas. För att göra detta använder vi oss av individdata från Statistiska Centralbyrån (SCB) och fastighetstaxeringsregistret. Vi börjar med att titta på hur fördelningen av ägande av fastighetsvärde 2019 är fördelat mellan män och kvinnor som befinner sig i en kärleksrelation, för olikkönade samboskap och äktenskap samt för samkönade äktenskap och partnerskap. Därefter tittar vi på hur fastighetsägande förändras för de kvinnor och män som ingår eller avslutar ett äktenskap under 2018.
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| 9. |
- Kahsay, Goytom Abraha, et al.
(författare)
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Women participation in formal decision-making : Empirical evidence from participatory forest management in Ethiopia
- 2021
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Ingår i: Global Environmental Change. - : Elsevier. - 0959-3780 .- 1872-9495. ; 70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Amid growing emphasis on community-based approaches to natural resource management, there are concerns about the lack of women participation in communal decision-making. We analyze the association between participation of women in decision-making of forest user groups in Ethiopia and several forest management outcomes. We combine longitudinal survey, administrative and forest inventory data and find that participation of women in executive committees (i.e., formal decision-making) is associated with greater forest benefits, and an improved (perceived and actual) condition of the forest. Alternatively, the association between women participation in group-level meetings and outcomes is not robust. This implies that women participation in formal decision-making is required to reach forest conservation and livelihood gains.
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| 10. |
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