| 1. |
- Henrekson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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To Be or Not to Be : The Entrepreneur in Neo-Schumpeterian Growth Theory
- 2024
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Ingår i: Entrepreneurship. - : Sage Publications. - 1042-2587 .- 1540-6520. ; 48:1, s. 104-140
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on a review of 700+ peer-reviewed articles since 1990, identified using text mining methodology and supervised machine learning, we analyze how neo-Schumpeterian growth theorists relate to the entrepreneur-centered view of Schumpeter Mark I and the entrepreneurless framework of Schumpeter Mark II. The literature leans heavily toward Schumpeter Mark II; innovation returns are modeled as following an ex ante known probability distribution. By assuming that innovation outcomes are (probabilistically) deterministic, the entrepreneur becomes redundant. Abstracting from genuine uncertainty, implies that central issues regarding the economic function of the entrepreneur are overlooked such as the roles of proprietary resources, skills, and profits.
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| 2. |
- Johansson, Dan, et al.
(författare)
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A Markov network approach for reproducing purchase behaviours observed in convenience stores
- 2024
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - 2045-2322 .- 2045-2322. ; 14:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The convenience store industry in Japan holds immense significance, making a thorough comprehension of customer purchase behaviour invaluable for companies aiming to gain insights into their customer base. In this paper, we propose a novel application of a Markov network model to simulate purchases guided by stopping probabilities calculated from real data. Each node in the Markov network represents different product categories available for purchase. Additionally, we introduce the concept of a “driving force,” quantifying the influence of purchasing product A on the likelihood of purchasing product B, compared to random purchasing. For instance, our analysis reveals that the inclusion of nutrient bars in a purchase set leads to, on average, a 13% reduction in tobacco purchases compared to random patterns. To validate our approach, we compare the simulated macro-level purchase behaviours with real point of Sale (POS) data obtained from a prominent convenience store giant, 7-Eleven. The dataset is comprised of roughly 54 million receipts, in which we focus on the product categories existing in this dataset rather than individual products. Our model successfully replicates the purchase size distribution for 99.9% of all purchases and the purchase counts across various product categories, demonstrating its efficacy in capturing broad purchase patterns.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Muhic, Mirella, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing modern software and systems development skills through relation-based pedagogy and experiential learning
- 2024
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Ingår i: EDULEARN24 Proceedings. - Valencia : IATED Academy. - 9788409629381 ; , s. 5820-5827
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Software and systems development is a multifaceted skill that defies simple definition. It can be considered an engineering art, albeit a very young one, where it's about creating and following clear methods for software and IT-system development. It can also be seen as an art form, impossible to reduce to concrete rules, where the creativity, knowledge, and intuition of the developer guide the process. Additionally, today's software development involves many different stakeholders and work often occurs in projects, often agile ones, which also places high demands on collaboration and social skills of the practitioners.With this in mind, in our course in Object-Oriented Systems Development and Systems Integration, our approach was to transcend traditional assessment methods. Rather than focusing solely on programming patterns and isolated systems development, we introduced novel examination formats. Specifically, we replaced some individual tasks with a day-long creative seminar and a preparatory writing assignment.The writing assignment involved students preparing in advance for the questions that would be raised during the seminar. This could involve explaining various systems development methods, demonstrating familiarity with visualizing system design, and explaining how systems today can be integrated through cloud-based techniques. Students were allowed to bring their notes to the seminar.The creative seminar was designed to be an innovative and engaging task that integrated principles from:1) relationship-based pedagogy,2) experiential learning, and3) kinesthetic learning.By applying relationship-based pedagogy, the seminar aimed to create a favorable learning environment where interaction and relationships between students and teachers were fostered. By exploring real problems and situations, the seminar creates a meaningful learning experience that goes beyond theoretical concepts and promotes deeper understanding; the seminar format promotes collaboration and dialogue, stimulating knowledge exchange. Experiential learning was a central component of the creative seminar, where students were encouraged to practically apply their theoretical knowledge from the course and the preparatory writing assignment by developing collages. Students had whiteboards, paper, colored pens, Magic-Charts, and free access to all kinds of craft materials to assist them. Our primary learning technique therefore became kinesthetic learning, which emphasizes bodily movement and practical exercises. This method allows for physical interaction and creates memory anchors, increasing students' retention and engagement by physically working with their hands to create and co-create in interaction with others. This in turn acts as a tool that feeds relation-based learning. Formal evaluation and feedback from students affirmed the success of this setup.Another effect of the creative seminar was that we could achieve a more fair and just assessment of students' performances. By allowing for different learning styles and providing space for creativity, an assessment process was created that recognizes and values the diversity of students' competencies.In summary, through our creative seminar, we found a successful examination format that suited the creative, knowledge-based, and intuitive nature of systems development, while also providing ample opportunity for students to practice collaboration and social skills.
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| 5. |
- Elert, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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The evolution of owner-entrepreneurs' taxation : five tax regimes over a 160-year period
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of evolutionary economics. - : Springer. - 0936-9937 .- 1432-1386. ; 33:2, s. 517-540
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The institutional literature suggests that long-term tax incentives are crucial for entrepreneurs, but studies on this topic are hampered by problems related to how to define and measure entrepreneurial income. We resolve these problems by drawing on a theoretical definition of the entrepreneur as an owner, which enables us to identify entrepreneurship empirically by means of investments made by active owners of closely held corporations. Using detailed Swedish tax data, we analyze the tax incentives for such owner-entrepreneur investments from 1862 to 2018, thereby highlighting the evolution of a general institutional phenomenon through a long-run, in-depth, country-specific analysis. We calculate the annual marginal effective tax rate (METR) on capital income for investments, distinguishing between average- and top-income entrepreneurs, and between three sources of finance. We identify five tax regimes that indicate substantial differences in institutional quality over time according to the magnitude of the METR and METR differences between average- and top-income entrepreneurs and across sources of finance. Growth-conducive tax incentives shed light on why so many successful entrepreneurial firms were founded in Sweden around 1900, whereas increased taxation helps explain the absence of new large entrepreneurial firms in Sweden after World War II. Improved incentives can be associated with Sweden's recent entrepreneurial renaissance.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Johansson, Dan, 1953-
(författare)
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Makt och Motstånd : Bönderna, örlogsflottan och den svenska staten 1522-1640
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The development of the Swedish state is studied through the central and local organizations that built, repaired, maintained and provisioned the Royal Swedish Navy. The state is viewed as an organization which bargained for resources with powerful social groups. Inspiration comes from theories of modern firm growth, powerholder-subordinate relations, and Charles Tilly´s theory of state formation. The statebuilding process has mainly been understood as a top-down process determined by negotiations between rulers and elites. In this dissertation, I argue for the relevance of another perspective, “statebuilding from below”. In 16th and early 17th century Sweden around 60 % of the land was owned by freeholders; freeholders who, with property rights and access to central and local representative assemblies, had influence over local political and economic issues. In the absence of a strong nobility and wealthy cities Swedish rulers, and the Swedish statebuilding process were dependent on freeholding farmers; both for their political support and the resources they represented in the form of taxes and labor. The main issue of the dissertation is to explain the different paths the organization supporting the Royal Swedish Navy took over a period of 120 years. From centralization, to decentralization, from state-organized to privately organized, and back.In order to demonstrate this “statebuilding from below” I investigate the organization’s provision of timber, labor and revenue, setting this in a context of power mobilization, conflicts and negotiations. Between 1523 and the mid-1540s the farmer’s met the states demand for resources to the navy with resistance, both open and violent. The state answered with coersion and repression. From the mid-1540s the state was forced to adapt to the reality of power relations between itself, the nobility and the tax-paying farmers. The result was a new way to interact and respond to farmers grievances. The system “the negotiating state” gave protection to ordinary people, against nobles, the authorities and famine, and stopped the open and violent protests. Negotiations and agreements between the king’s bailiffs and the freeholders were central for the state, and for the organizations ability to reach its goals.But as the navy and state power grew the system could not prevent an increased exploitation. To finance the production, shipbuilding was organized with local resources and decentralized to a vast number of local plants. In response the farmers combined the institutionally-sanctioned methods of protest with passive or hidden resistance; a resistance that grow with the states demands for revenue, ship carpenters and labor. In the first decade of the 17th century the king used the central parliament to mobilize greater resources for the armed forces and the navy. In 1611 the decentralized organization imploded. Instead of more coercion the state was again forced to adapt to the resistance from farmers and nobles. From 1615 the organization was centralized into three large production units. The earlier system with forced labor was abandoned. Centralization and an alliance between the king and the nobles changed power relations and created stability. However, despite the stronger position of the state, the freeholders’ actions compelled the development of a system with central and local representative arenas, where negotiations could take place and complaints heard. These steps were necessary for the creation of legitimacy and the necessary compliance with continued resource extraction. The freeholders’ influence on the early modern Swedish state building process was extensive and must be described as “state building from below”.
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| 8. |
- Seerar Westerberg, Hans, 1984-
(författare)
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Toward more inclusive labor markets : A firm-level perspective on hiring outsiders
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis contains five self-contained papers on firms’ hiring decisions regarding outsiders and how these decisions interact with insiders. Outsiders are broadly defined as people with a weak labor market position, e.g., unemployed, non-Western migrants or minimum-wage workers. Insiders are those who are securely employed.In paper (1), we investigate what characterizes the firms that hire unemployed non-Western immigrants. The results show that firms active in the service industries are more likely to hire unemployed non-Western immigrants. However, this is a rare event, suggesting this sector is unlikely to ever be able to absorb more than a fraction of this outsider group under current labor market conditions.In paper (2), we analyze whether labor cost reductions induce firms to hire outsiders in the retail industry. In this case, a Swedish youth payroll tax cut is used to determine if a reduction in firms’ labor costs increases their employment of minimum-wage retail workers. The results show that reduced labor costs incentivize firms to increase their employment of workers whose wages are close to negotiated minimum wages.In paper (3), we investigate whether the gains from the abovementioned payroll tax cut have been absorbed in higher wages for insiders rather than increasing employment. The results show that while insiders saw their total earnings increase, the main reason for their earnings increase was that they worked more hours.Finally, we explore whether firms’ hiring decisions regarding outsiders are related to their growth rate in papers (4) and (5). The results in paper (4) show that the fastest growing firms are more likely to hire outsiders. However, this finding does not hold when new firms are examined separately and over time. In contrast, the results in paper (5) indicate that high-growth new firms tend to recruit individuals with higher skills during their first three years of operation, suggesting that a firm’s time dimension and point in its lifecycle are important.
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| 9. |
- Johansson, Dan, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Information technology and high-impact entrepreneurship
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing. - : InderScience Publishers. - 1742-5360 .- 1742-5379. ; 14:4-5, s. 449-471
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents a conceptual framework for analyzing the role of information technology in the formation of high-impact entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial decision-making is contextualized in the setting of competent teams, and where its role in economic growth is modelled as part of a minimum set of actors necessary for the generation of innovative output—so-called collaborative innovation blocs. By departing from a collective of actors, rather than the individual entrepreneur, transactions costs are shown to become central for understanding the antecedents and conditions for high-impact entrepreneurship as core strategic decisions are often based on asymmetric information and bounded rationality. Subsequently, this also implies a central role for information technology in facilitating the processes that precede high-impact entrepreneurship through its ability to bridge or reduce information asymmetries. Based on the presented framework, the development of information technology is hypothesized to particularly favor new entrepreneurs with growth ambitions, new firm entry, and high growth firms by accelerating the creation and allocation of knowledge.
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| 10. |
- Johansson, Dan, et al.
(författare)
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Information technology and high-impact entrepreneurship
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing. - : InderScience Publishers. - 1742-5360 .- 1742-5379. ; 14:4-5, s. 449-471
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a conceptual framework for analysing the role of information technology in the formation of high-impact entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial decision-making is contextualised in the setting of competent teams, and where its role in economic growth is modelled as part of a minimum set of actors necessary for the generation of innovative output - so-called collaborative innovation blocs. By departing from a collective of actors, rather than the individual entrepreneur, transactions costs are shown to become central for understanding the antecedents and conditions for high-impact entrepreneurship as core strategic decisions are often based on asymmetric information and bounded rationality. Subsequently, this also implies a central role for information technology in facilitating the processes that precede high-impact entrepreneurship through its ability to bridge or reduce information asymmetries. Based on the presented framework, the development of information technology is hypothesised to particularly favour new entrepreneurs with growth ambitions, new firm entry, and high growth firms by accelerating the creation and allocation of knowledge.
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