| 1. |
- Artman, Henrik, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Effektiv miljötillsyn : slutrapport
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Målsättningen har varit att ta fram ny kunskap inom miljötillsynen och därigenom uppnå en effektivare miljötillsyn samt att få in nya vetenskapliga perspektiv på miljötillsyn.I rapporten studeras metoder för inspektioner och det kommunikativa samspelet mellan inspektören och företrädare för den verksamhet som inspekteras, hur den institutionella ramen för inspektionsprocessen fungerar samt visar på möjligheter att mäta effekterna av inspektioner och tillsyn.Naturvårdsverket kommer att ha resultatet som ett kunskapsunderlag i fortsatt arbete med tillsynsvägledning och utveckling av hur tillsyn och tillsynsvägledning kan följas upp och utvärderas.
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| 2. |
- Faria, Vanda, et al.
(författare)
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Amygdala Subregions Tied to SSRI and Placebo Response in Patients with Social Anxiety Disorder
- 2012
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Ingår i: Neuropsychopharmacology. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 0893-133X .- 1740-634X. ; 37:10, s. 2222-2232
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The amygdala is a key structure in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders, and a putative target for anxiolytic treatments, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and placebo seem to induce anxiolytic effects by attenuating amygdala responsiveness. However, conflicting amygdala findings have also been reported. Moreover, the neural profile of responders and nonresponders is insufficiently characterized and it remains unknown whether SSRIs and placebo engage common or distinct amygdala subregions or different modulatory cortical areas. We examined similarities and differences in the neural response to SSRIs and placebo in patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD). Positron emission tomography (PET) with oxygen-15-labeled water was used to assess regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in 72 patients with SAD during an anxiogenic public speaking task, before and after 6-8 weeks of treatment under double-blind conditions. Response rate was determined by the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement scale. Conjunction analysis revealed a common rCBF-attenuation from pre- to post-treatment in responders to SSRIs and placebo in the left basomedial/basolateral and right ventrolateral amygdala. This rCBF pattern con-elated with behavioral measures of reduced anxiety and differentiated responders from nonresponders. However, nonanxiolytic treatment effects were also observed in the amygdala. All subgroups, including nonresponders, showed deactivation of the left lateral part of the amygdala. No rCBF differences were found between SSRI responders and placebo responders. This study provides new insights into the brain dynamics underlying anxiety relief by demonstrating common amygdala targets for pharmacologically and psychologically induced anxiety reduction, and by showing that the amygdala is functionally heterogeneous in anxiolysis.
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| 3. |
- Engman, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Neural Correlates of Anxiety States in Patients with Social Anxiety Disorder
- 2011
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Ingår i: Biological Psychiatry. - 0006-3223 .- 1873-2402. ; 69, s. 70S-70S
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: In social anxiety disorder (SAD), the fear of being negatively evaluated by others can restrict individual everyday life, due to the anxiety caused by social interactions. How this anxiety is processed in the brain is only partly understood. We aimed to examine the correlations between subjective anxiety states and brain activity in a large sample of SAD patients, during an anxiety-provoking task.Methods: Data were merged from three randomized clinical PET-trials investigating regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during a public speaking task pre- and post treatment (SSRI n = 35, placebo n = 37). All participants met diagnostical criteria for SAD. rCBF was assessed with [15O]-labeled water and state anxiety was measured using the Spielberger state anxiety scale (STAI-S). These measures where then correlated using a covariate of interest approach in Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM2).Results: rCBF and STAI-S scores correlated positively in the left parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala, as well as in the right premotor cortex (area 6). Negative correlations were observed in the left superior frontal gyrus, thalamus, and the right parahippocampal gyrus. Negative correlations were also found bilaterally in the cerebellum.Conclusions: The correlations between clinical anxiety states and brain activity were noted in areas previously demonstrated to be involved in emotional regulation and motor preparedness.
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| 4. |
- Faria, Vanda, et al.
(författare)
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Differences in Amygdala Responsivity Between Responders and Nonresponders to SSRIs in Patients with Social Anxiety Disorder
- 2011
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Ingår i: Biol. Psychiatry 69, 70S-71S.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly accepted as the first line pharmacological therapy for anxiety disorders and depression. However, there is a high percentage of patients that fail to achieve satisfactory response with SSRI treatments. The neural mechanisms underlying effective and ineffective outcome with SSRIs are not well characterized. The amygdala has dense serotonergic innervation, and studies have suggested the amygdala to be a crucial brain target for SSRI treatment. This study aimed at investigating differences in amygdala responsivity between responders and nonresponders to SSRI treatments in patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD).Methods: Stress-related regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured in SAD patients (n=35) with 15O-water positron emission tomography (PET) during public speaking before and after 6-8 weeks of treatment with citalopram or paroxetine. Response rate was determined by the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement scale.Results: Within-group comparisons revealed reduced rCBF response bilaterally in the amygdala in responders (n=20) as well as in nonresponders (n=15). Between-group contrasts revealed a greater amygdala attenuation in responders (>nonresponders) in the left basolateral/basomedial (x-16, y-6, z-14, Z=1.66, Puncorr=0.024) and right ventrolateral subregions (x26, y-4, z-26, Z=2.12, Puncorr=0.009). However, greater rCBF attenuation in nonresponders (> responders) was observed in the left lateral amygdala (x-28, y-6, z-14, Z=2.38, Puncorr=0.005).Conclusions: Lowered amygdala responsivity does not seem to be exclusively related to clinical improvement in anxiety patients. In accordance with animal literature, our data suggest that amygdala subregions are functionally heterogeneous with regards to anxiolysis.
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| 5. |
- Becker, Lee B., et al.
(författare)
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IS MORE ALWAYS BETTER? : Examining the adverse effects of competition on media performance
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journalism Studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1461-670X .- 1469-9699. ; 10:3, s. 368-385
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While classic market economic theory argues that competition among media is better for consumers, preliminary research in emerging media markets suggests otherwise. High levels of competition in markets with limited advertising revenues may lead to poorer journalistic performance. This study tests that argument using secondary analysis of data from a purposive sample of countries where measures of news media performance and market competition exist. The authors find a curvilinear relationship between competition and the quality of the journalistic product, with moderate competition leading to higher-quality journalism products and higher levels of competition leading to journalistic products that do not serve society well. The implications of the findings for media assistance initiatives are discussed.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Furmark, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
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A link between serotonin-related gene polymorphisms, amygdala activity, and placebo-induced relief from social anxiety
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Neuroscience. - 0270-6474 .- 1529-2401. ; 28:49, s. 13066-74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Placebo may yield beneficial effects that are indistinguishable from those of active medication, but the factors underlying proneness to respond to placebo are widely unknown. Here, we used functional neuroimaging to examine neural correlates of anxiety reduction resulting from sustained placebo treatment under randomized double-blind conditions, in patients with social anxiety disorder. Brain activity was assessed during a stressful public speaking task by means of positron emission tomography before and after an 8 week treatment period. Patients were genotyped with respect to the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) and the G-703T polymorphism in the tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2) gene promoter. Results showed that placebo response was accompanied by reduced stress-related activity in the amygdala, a brain region crucial for emotional processing. However, attenuated amygdala activity was demonstrable only in subjects who were homozygous for the long allele of the 5-HTTLPR or the G variant of the TPH2 G-703T polymorphism, and not in carriers of short or T alleles. Moreover, the TPH2 polymorphism was a significant predictor of clinical placebo response, homozygosity for the G allele being associated with greater improvement in anxiety symptoms. Path analysis supported that the genetic effect on symptomatic improvement with placebo is mediated by its effect on amygdala activity. Hence, our study shows, for the first time, evidence of a link between genetically controlled serotonergic modulation of amygdala activity and placebo-induced anxiety relief.
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| 8. |
- Jacobsson, Adam, et al.
(författare)
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Quality of the News
- 2008
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Ingår i: International Encyclopedia of Communication. - : Blackwell Publishing.
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 9. |
- Furmark, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
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Cerebral blood flow changes after treatment of social phobia with the neurokinin-1 antagonist GR205171, citalopram, or placebo.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Biol Psychiatry. - : Elsevier. - 0006-3223 .- 1873-2402. ; 58:2, s. 132-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Evidence is accumulating that pharmacological blockade of the substance P preferring neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor reduces anxiety. This study compared the effects of an NK1 receptor antagonist, citalopram, and placebo on brain activity and anxiety symptoms in social phobia. METHODS: Thirty-six patients diagnosed with social phobia were treated for 6 weeks with the NK1 antagonist GR205171 (5 mg), citalopram (40 mg), or matching placebo under randomized double-blind conditions. GR205171 was administered for 4 weeks preceded by 2 weeks of placebo. Before and after treatment, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during a stressful public speaking task was assessed using oxygen-15 positron emission tomography. Response rate was determined by the Clinical Global Impression Improvement Scale. RESULTS: Patients improved to a larger extent with the NK1 antagonist (41.7% responders) and citalopram (50% responders), compared with placebo (8.3% responders). Within- and between-group comparisons showed that symptom improvement was paralleled by a significantly reduced rCBF response to public speaking in the rhinal cortex, amygdala, and parahippocampal-hippocampal regions. The rCBF pattern was corroborated in follow-up analyses of responders and subjects showing large state anxiety reduction. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term administration of GR205171 and citalopram alleviated social anxiety. Neurokinin-1 antagonists may act like serotonin reuptake inhibitors by attenuating neural activity in a medial temporal lobe network.
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| 10. |
- Wall, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Distribution of zolmitriptan into the CNS in healthy volunteers : a positron emission tomography study
- 2005
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Ingår i: Drugs in R&D. - 1174-5886 .- 1179-6901. ; 6:3, s. 139-147
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Triptans are highly effective in the treatment of migraine. Both central and peripheral mechanisms of action have been suggested. Until now, firm data about the passage of triptans into the CNS in humans have been lacking. The aim of the current study was to evaluate, using positron emission tomography (PET), the uptake and distribution of zolmitriptan into the CNS after intranasal administration. Subjects and methods: Eight healthy volunteers, five males and three females (mean ages 23 and 26 years, respectively), were included. Radioactive [carbonyl-11C]zolmitriptan was infused intravenously for 5 minutes on two occasions: once alone, and once 30–40 minutes after intranasal administration of unlabelled zolmitriptan 5mg. PET was used to measure the concentration of labelled zolmitriptan in the brain, from the start of the tracer infusion for 90 minutes. Regional cerebral blood volume was determined with [15O]carbon monoxide. In addition, an MRI scan was performed to obtain anatomical information. The PET images were analysed quantitatively for different areas of the brain, generating [11C]zolmitriptan time-activity data corrected for circulating tracer activity. The rate of uptake of intranasal zolmitriptan into the CNS was estimated by kinetic modelling using the PET data. Results: PET data from this study demonstrate a rapid dose-proportional uptake of [11C]zolmitriptan into the brain. Significant concentrations of [11C]zolmitriptan were found in all brain regions studied. Calculated CNS concentrations after intranasal zolmitriptan administration showed a gradual increase, reaching about 2nM (0.5 μg/L) 30 minutes after administration and 3.5nM (1.0 μg/L), or one-fifth of the plasma concentration, 1 hour after administration. Five minutes after zolmitriptan administration, the mean CNS concentration had already reached 0.5nM, which is higher than in vitro values for initiation of the agonistic action on 5-HT1B/1D receptors. Conclusion: This study demonstrates by direct measurements that zolmitriptan enters the brain parenchyma in humans, achieving an uptake rate and concentration compatible with a central mode of action.
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