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- Bergström, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Ne bis in idem : – a continuing judicial dialogue
- 2022
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Ingår i: The Practice of Judicial Interactions in the Field of Fundamental Rights. - : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9781800371217 - 978 1 80037 122 4 ; , s. 295-317
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The principle of ne bis in idem is explicitly included in numerous international, regional and bilateral instruments. The interrelationship and parallel application of these legal instruments by a variety of courts may entail a number of legal challenges but also opportunities. In particular, introducing the EU Charter had an enormous impact on fundamental rights protection and the outcome of the well-known Åkerberg Fransson saga that eventually prohibited double proceedings and punishments with respect to value added tax. At the same time, judicial interaction between national and European courts played a significant role throughout this saga. While using the Åkerberg Fransson saga as a reference point and illustrative example, this chapter aims at analysing the judicial interaction involved in light of more recent developments before the European Court of Justice, CJEU, and the European Court of Human Rights, ECtHR. As a result of this analysis, we conclude that courts are instrumental not only in the settlement of individual disputes, but also in changing the legal system.
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| 2. |
- Ståhlkrantz, Adam, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Tempering on the Bainitic Microstructure Evolution Correlated with the Hardness in a Low-Alloy Medium-Carbon Steel
- 2020
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Ingår i: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. A. - : Springer Nature. - 1073-5623 .- 1543-1940. ; 51:12, s. 6470-6481
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A low-alloy medium-carbon bainitic steel was isothermally tempered at 300 °C for up to 24 hours which led to a significant hardness decrease. In order to explain the decreasing hardness, extensive microstructural characterization using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and atom probe tomography was conducted. The experimental work was further supplemented by thermodynamic and kinetic simulations. It is found that the main underlying reason for the hardness reduction during tempering is related to dislocation annihilation, possibly also with corresponding changes in Cottrell atmospheres. On the other hand, cementite precipitate size, effective grain size of the bainite, and retained austenite fraction appear unchanged over the whole tempering cycle.
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