| 1. |
- André, Erik, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Acceptance of Low-Carbon School Meals with and without Information—A Controlled Intervention Study
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Consumer Policy. - 0168-7034 .- 1573-0700. ; 47:1, s. 109-125
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This controlled intervention study focused on optimizing a school lunch menu to achieve a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. The objective was to evaluate the impact of introducing a low-carbon menu on pupils’ acceptance of school meals, as well as to assess whether providing information about the menu change independently influenced pupils’ acceptance. The study was conducted across six compulsory schools in a Swedish municipality, divided into three groups: schools implementing a menu change only (Menu), schools implementing a menu change with clear information provided to pupils (Menu + Info), and control schools serving the standard menu (Control). During a seven-week baseline period, all schools served the standard menu. Subsequently, for seven weeks, Menu and Menu + Info schools transitioned to a low-carbon menu achieved through the utilization of low-carbon recipes—reducing the proportion of food items with significant climate footprints while maintaining the recommended nutritional standards. In Menu + Info schools, pupils were presented with an informative video about the menu change during class. The acceptance of the low-carbon menu was evaluated through daily measurements of food consumption, plate waste, and meal satisfaction surveys. The study’s findings revealed that neither the menu change nor the information significantly affected the pupils’ acceptance of the new menu. These results align with prior studies, reinforcing the viability of employing low-carbon recipes to reduce the climate footprint of school meals. Moreover, this study demonstrates that providing supplemental information for transparency or educational purposes can be implemented without adversely affecting menu acceptance.
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| 2. |
- Jacobsson, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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MEKANISKA EGENSKAPER HOS STORABERGSPRICKOR
- 2024
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Experimentella undersökningar av skjuvegenskaperna hos bergsprickor i hårt berg har generellt fokuserat på mindre sprickprover för normalspänningar på upp till 20 MPa, representativa för ett kärnbränsleförvar på ca 400 meters djup. Vid stora sprickprover har skjuvegenskaperna generellt bestämts för låga spänningar, på någon eller några MPa. För att få en förståelse för inverkan av sprickornas storlek för skjuvegenskaperna vid höga normalspänningar är det avgörande att genomföra skjuvförsök på stora bergsprickor (> 200 mm) i hårt berg under höga normalspänningar. I projektet Parameterization of Fractures, POST (2014–2016), studerades skaleffekterna genom in situ-försök, småskaliga skjuvförsök och beräkningssimuleringar. Det konstaterades att laboratorieexperiment under kontrollerade förhållanden och på stora bergprover är nödvändiga för att få tillförlitliga resultat. Det konstaterades också att in-situ-försök är komplexa med stora underliggande osäkerheter och är samtidigt kostsamma. I det pågående projektet POST 2 som startade 2017 har bergsprickor på upp till 500 mm provats i en ny unik laboratorieutrustning, jämte provning av mindre sprickor, vid höga normalspänningar för både CNL och CNS förhållanden och med ny mätteknik. Teknik för att tillverka replikaprover av bergsprickor har utvecklats och provats med syfte att göra lastparameterstudier. Kvaliteten hos geometriavbildningen hos replikaproverna och sprickornas geometrier har uppmätts med högupplöst skanning. I denna artikel presenteras en del av resultaten från projektet. Resultaten från projektet är tillämpbara för andra områden med undermarkskonstruktioner såsom projektering av tunnlar och bergrum för infrastrukturprojekt och gruvor.
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| 3. |
- Ríos-Bayona, Francisco, et al.
(författare)
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SKJUVHÅLLFASTHET HOS NATURLIGA BERGSSPRICKOR – MOT EN METODIK FÖR BESTÄMNING BASERAT PÅ DATA I FÄLT
- 2024
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Att kunna prediktera en bergssprickas skjuvhållfasthet är svårt i de fall där hela sprickytan inte är tillgänglig, såsom exempelvis en bergsspricka belägen under en befintlig betongdamm eller i projekteringsskedet för en tunnel. Denna artikel presenterar en metodik som undersöker möjligheten att utnyttja information från uppmätt sprickvidd och sprickans råhet i 3D med optisk scanning i mindre storlek, såsom borrkärnor, för att därefter prediktera skjuvhållfastheten i större skalor. Den framtagna metodiken har verifierats med två storskaliga skjuvförsök genomförda i laboratorium med konstant normallast med sprickprover tagna vid Krångede kraftstation. Den främsta nyttan med denna metodik är att den kan utgöra en möjlig väg framåt för att prediktera skjuvhållfastheten för bergssprickor i fall där sprickytan inte är helt tillgänglig.
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| 4. |
- Curtale, Riccardo, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding preferences for night trains and their potential to replace flights in Europe. The case of Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Tourism Management Perspectives. - 2211-9736. ; 47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Possible strategies to mitigate the climate impact of tourism transport include encouraging tourism to closer destinations and supporting more sustainable modes of transport, including trains. Today international trips by railways only have a small market share but night trains are considered an important part of a future green Europe. However, little is known about travelers' preferences for night trains for long-distance travel in Europe. The results of an integrated choice and latent variable model (ICLV) applied to stated preference (SP) data collected from 1691 residents of Sweden show that, depending on place of origin in Sweden, in response to a set of innovations, including reduced travel time emanating from ongoing infrastructure investments, and the introduction of new, more comfortable trains, the share of plane users willing to switch to night trains to Central Europe could reach 20–30% and to Southern Europe, 6–10%.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Jacobsson, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Direct shear tests on large natural and artificially induced rock fractures in a new laboratory equipment
- 2023
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the ISRM 15th International Congress on Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering & 72nd Geomechanics Colloquium. - Salzburg : Austrian Society for Geomechanics. ; , s. 2709-2714
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A direct shear equipment for testing rock fractures up to 400×600 mm size, and up to 5 MN force in both normal and shear loading directions, was developed. Normal loading and direct shear tests under constant normal stiffness (CNS) and constant normal load (CNL) conditions were conducted on 300×500 mm specimens, one planar steel joint and two natural and two tensile induced rock fractures. Design targets, e.g. system to maintain undisturbed fractures up to testing and high system stiffnesses to achieve well-controlled shear tests, were verified by the experiments. A new optical system for local deformation measurements was used to accurately determine fracture displacements besides conventional non-local deformation measurements. The determined normal stiffnesses were similar previous results from the literature on smaller fractures, whereas the shear stiffness data are novel. The results provide a new insight into processes at the onset of fracture slip.
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| 7. |
- Larsson, Jörgen, et al.
(författare)
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A novel method for geometric quality assurance of rock joint replicas in direct shear testing – Part 1 : Derivation of quality assurance parameters and geometric reproducibility
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. - : Chinese Academy of Sciences. - 1674-7755. ; 15:9, s. 2193-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since each rock joint is unique by nature, the utilization of replicas in direct shear testing is required to carry out experimental parameter studies. However, information about the ability of the replicas to simulate the shear mechanical behavior of the rock joint and their dispersion in direct shear testing is lacking. With the aim to facilitate generation of high-quality direct shear test data from replicas, a novel component in the testing procedure is introduced by presenting two parameters for geometric quality assurance. The parameters are derived from surface comparisons of three-dimensional (3D) scanning data of the rock joint and its replicas. The first parameter, σmf, captures morphological deviations between the replica and the rock joint surfaces. σmf is derived as the standard deviation of the deviations between the coordinate points of the replica and the rock joint. Four sources of errors introduced in the replica manufacturing process employed in this study could be identified. These errors could be minimized, yielding replicas with σmf ≤ 0.06 mm. The second parameter is a vector, VHp100, which describes deviations with respect to the shear direction. It is the projection of the 100 mm long normal vector of the best-fit plane of the replica joint surface to the corresponding plane of the rock joint. |VHp100| was found to be less than or equal to 0.36 mm in this study. Application of these two geometric quality assurance parameters demonstrates that it is possible to manufacture replicas with high geometric similarity to the rock joint. In a subsequent paper (part 2), σmf and VHp100 are incorporated in a novel quality assurance method, in which the parameters shall be evaluated prior to direct shear testing. Replicas having parameter values below established thresholds shall have a known and narrow dispersion and imitate the shear mechanical behavior of the rock joint.
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| 8. |
- Larsson, Jörgen, et al.
(författare)
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A novel method for geometric quality assurance of rock joint replicas in direct shear testing : Part 2 : Validation and mechanical replicability
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 1674-7755. ; 15, s. 2209-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Each rock joint is unique by nature which means that utilization of replicas in direct shear tests is required in experimental parameter studies. However, a method to acquire knowledge about the ability of the replicas to imitate the shear mechanical behavior of the rock joint and their dispersion in direct shear testing is lacking. In this study, a novel method is presented for geometric quality assurance of replicas. The aim is to facilitate generation of high-quality direct shear testing data as a prerequisite for reliable subsequent analyses of the results. In Part 1 of this study, two quality assurance parameters, σmf and VHp100, are derived and their usefulness for evaluation of geometric deviations, i.e. geometric reproducibility, is shown. In Part 2, the parameters are validated by showing a correlation between the parameters and the shear mechanical behavior, which qualifies the parameters for usage in the quality assurance method. Unique results from direct shear tests presenting comparisons between replicas and the rock joint show that replicas fulfilling proposed threshold values of σmf < 0.06 mm and < 0.2 mm have a narrow dispersion and imitate the shear mechanical behavior of the rock joint in all aspects apart from having a slightly lower peak shear strength. The wear in these replicas, which have similar morphology as the rock joint, is in the same areas as in the rock joint. The wear is slightly larger in the rock joint and therefore the discrepancy in peak shear strength derives from differences in material properties, possibly from differences in toughness. It is shown by application of the suggested method that the quality assured replicas manufactured following the process employed in this study phenomenologically capture the shear strength characteristics, which makes them useful in parameter studies.
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| 9. |
- Morfeldt, Johannes, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon footprint effects of shifting from flights to night trains for Swedish tourism
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 420
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Changes in travel behaviour are needed to tackle the climate impact associated with long-distance flights, including a switch to sustainable transport modes. In this paper, we analyse scenarios of carbon footprint reduction associated with a switch from flights to night trains for holidays in Europe for the case of Sweden, including outbound, inbound and domestic tourism. We use a prospective lifecycle assessment framework combined with results from a stated preference experiment to determine the impact of future mode shift behaviours. Our results indicate that a mode shift could be triggered by progressive night train policies resulting in (i) fewer transfers and (ii) price levels similar to those of flights. The shifts from flights to night trains could result in 9% lower cumulative carbon footprint in relation to a baseline travel demand scenario for the period 2025–2050. Decarbonization of long-distance travel in line with the Paris Agreement would likely require a combination of many different types of measures including a shift to low-carbon fuels.
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| 10. |
- Morfeldt, Johannes, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Emission pathways and mitigation options for achieving consumption-based climate targets in Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Communications Earth & Environment. - Göteborg : IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet AB. - 2662-4435. ; 4:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- National emission reduction targets under the Paris Agreement have a territorial focus, incentivizing mitigation actions domestically. Here we examine the theoretical basis for adopting complementary consumption-based net-zero emission targets and assess the consequences of adopting such proposed targets for Sweden. We apply scenario analyses based on a prospective lifecycle assessment framework. The framework is a hybrid of bottom-up simulations for passenger travel, construction and housing, and food, and top-down analyses for remaining consumption. In this work, we show how consumption-based climate targets may accentuate the need for new demand-side climate policies that contribute to reducing emissions along supply chains of products and services.Our scenario analysis suggests that combining advanced mitigation technologies with behavioral changes could reduce emissions from 9.8 tons of carbon dioxide equivalents per capita in 2019 to between 2.7 and 4.8 tons by 2045 for Swedish residents, depending on global decarbonization pathways. Combining advanced mitigation technologies with behavioural changes could achieve the lowest carbon emissions per capita in Sweden, suggest scenario analyses combining bottom-up simulations for passenger travel, construction and housing, and food, and top-down analyses for remaining consumption.
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