| 1. |
- Denti, Leif, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Scarcity mindset among schoolteachers: how resource scarcity negatively impacts teachers' cognition and behaviors
- 2024
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Ingår i: FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY. - 1664-1078. ; 14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A recent line of research investigates the negative cognitive effects - known as the scarcity mindset - that arise when people face a lack of resources. We expand on this research and show that these cognitive effects are present among Swedish schoolteachers facing a scarcity of time and social resources at work. From an initial interview study we developed novel survey scales to measure teachers' subjective assessments of available resources and the extent of their scarcity mindset. We then related resource scarcity of time and social resources to the scarcity mindset using structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis in a survey study with a sample of Swedish schoolteachers. This research provides valuable insights for addressing resource constrained work environments in schools and contributes to the broader psychological research on cognitive effects resulting from resource scarcity.
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| 2. |
- Hertz, Tilman, et al.
(författare)
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Eliciting the plurality of causal reasoning in social-ecological systems research
- 2024
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Ingår i: Ecology and Society. - : Resilience Alliance. - 1708-3087. ; 29:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding causation in social-ecological systems (SES) is indispensable for promoting sustainable outcomes. However, the study of such causal relations is challenging because they are often complex and intertwined, and their analysis involves diverse disciplines. Although there is agreement that no single research approach (RA) can comprehensively explain SES phenomena, there is a lack of ability to deal with this diversity. Underlying this diversity and the challenge of dealing with it are different causal reasonings that are rarely explicit. Awareness of hidden assumptions is essential for understanding how the causal reasoning of an RA is constituted, and for promoting the integration, translation, or juxtaposition of different RAs. We identify the following elements as particularly relevant for understanding causal reasoning: methods, frameworks and theories, accounts of causation, analytical focus, and causal notions. We begin with the idea that one of these elements typically figures as an entry point to an RA. This entry point is particularly important because it generates a path dependence that orients causal reasoning. In a subsequent step, when an approach is applied, causal reasoning concretizes as a result of a particular constellation of the remaining elements. We come to these insights by studying the application of four different RAs to the same social-ecological case (the collapse of Baltic cod stocks in the 1980s). On the basis of our findings we developed a guide for the analysis of causal reasoning by raising awareness of the assumptions, key elements, and the relations between these key elements for a given RA. The guide can be used to elicit the causal reasoning of RAs, facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration, and support disclosure of ethical/political dimensions that underlie management/governance interventions that are formulated on the basis of causal findings of research studies.
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| 3. |
- Karlström, Anders, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Data-Driven Soft Sensors in Pulp Refining Processes Using Artificial Neural Networks
- 2024
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Ingår i: BioResources. - 1930-2126 .- 1930-2126. ; 19:1, s. 1030-1057
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pulp refining processes are most often complicated to describe using linear methodologies, and sometimes an artificial neural network (ANN) is a preferable alternative when assimilating non-linear operating data. In this study, an ANN is used to predict pulp properties, such as shives (wide), fiber length, and freeness. Both traditional process variables (external variables) and refining zone variables (internal variables) are necessary to include as model inputs. The estimation of shives (wide) results achieved an R2 (coefficient of determination) of 0.9 (0.7) for the training and (validation) sets. Corresponding measures for fiber length and freeness can be questioned using this methodology. It is shown that the maximum temperature in the flat zone can be modeled using the external variables motor load and production instead of the specific energy. This resulted in an R2 of approximately 0.9 for the training sets, while the R2 for the validation set did not reach an acceptable level – most likely due to inherent non-linearities in the process. Additional results showed that the consistency profile is difficult to estimate properly using an ANN. Instead, a model-driven sensor is preferred to be used. The main results from this study indicate that shives (wide) should be the prime candidate when introducing advanced pulp property control concepts.
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| 4. |
- Lind, Patrik, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of fine-needle aspiration cytology in thyroidectomy extent and associated surgical morbidity in thyroid cancer
- 2024
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Ingår i: Langenbeck's archives of surgery (Print). - : Springer. - 1435-2443 .- 1435-2451. ; 409:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE: To assess the impact of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the extent of surgery in patients with thyroid cancer (TC) and the associated surgical morbidity in primary and completion setting.METHODS: A Swedish nationwide cohort of patients having surgery for TC (n = 2519) from the Scandinavian Quality Register for Thyroid, Parathyroid and Adrenal surgery between 2004 and 2013 was obtained. Data was validated through scrutinizing FNAC and histology reports.RESULTS: Among the 2519 cases operated for TC, the diagnosis was substantiated and validated through the histology report in 2332 cases (92.6%). Among these, 1679 patients (72%) were female, and the median age at TC diagnosis was 52.3 years (range 18-94.6). Less than total thyroidectomy (LTT) was undertaken in 944 whereas total thyroidectomy (TT) in 1388 cases. The intermediate FNAC categories of atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/ FLUS), as well as suspicion for follicular neoplasm (SFN) lesions were more often encountered in LTT (n = 314, 33.3%) than TT (n = 63, 4.6%), whereas FNACs suspicion for malignancy and/or malignancy were overrepresented in TT (n = 963, 69.4%). Completion thyroidectomies were undertaken in 553 patients out of 944 that initially had LTT. In 201 cases with cancer lesions > 1 cm, other than FTC (Follicular TC)/ HTC (Hürthle cell TC) subjected to primary LTT, inadequate procedures were undertaken in 81 due to absent, Bethesda I or II FNAC categories, preoperatively. Complications at completion of surgery in this particular setting were 0.5% for RLN palsy (n = 1) and 1% (n = 2) for hypoparathyroidism 6 months postoperatively. The overall postoperative complication rate was higher in primary TT vs. LTT for RLN palsy (4.8% [n = 67] vs. 2.4% [n = 23]; p = 0.003) and permanent hypoparathyroidism (6.8% [n = 95] vs. 0.8% [n = 8]; p < 0.0001).CONCLUSIONS: FNAC results appear to affect surgical planning in TC as intermediate FNAC categories lead more often to LTT. Overall, inadequate procedures necessitating completion surgery are encountered in up to 15% of TC patients subjected to LTT due to absent, inconclusive, or misleading FNAC, preoperatively. However, completion of thyroidectomy in this setting did not yield significant surgical morbidity. Primary LTT is a safer primary approach compared to TT in respect of RLN palsy and permanent hypoparathyroidism complication rates; therefore, primary TT should probably be reserved for lesions > 1 cm or even larger with suspicion for malignancy or malignant FNAC.
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| 5. |
- Michaelsen, Patrik, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Experiencing default nudges: autonomy, manipulation, and choice-satisfaction as judged by people themselves
- 2024
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Ingår i: Behavioural Public Policy. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 2398-063X .- 2398-0648. ; 8:1, s. 85-106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Criticisms of nudging suggest that nudges infringe on decision makers’ autonomy. Yet, little empirical research has explored whether people who are subjected to nudges agree. In three between-group experiments (N = 2083), we subject participants to contrasting choice architectures and measure experiences of autonomy, choice-satisfaction, perceived threat to freedom of choice, and objection to the choice architecture. Participants who received a prosocial opt-out default nudge made more prosocial choices but did not report lower autonomy or choice satisfaction than participants in opt-in default or active-choice conditions. This was the case even when the presence of the nudge was disclosed, and when monetary choice stakes were introduced. With monetary choice stakes, participants perceived the threat to freedom of choice as slightly higher in the nudge condition than in the other conditions, but objection to the choice architecture did not differ between the conditions. Taken together, our results suggest that default nudges are less manipulative and autonomy-infringing than sometimes feared. We recommend that policymakers include measures of choice experiences when testing out new interventions.
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| 6. |
- Bergquist, Magnus, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Descriptive social norms and resource cues influence choice by additive and separate effects
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nordic Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1901-2276 .- 1904-0016. ; 75:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Descriptive social norms have attracted much attention in social influence research. Regarding consumer choice, it is however unclear if, and to what extent, the influence of social norms is related to resource-state information. In two experiments, including 384 and 724 participants, respectively, we assess the unique and combined effects of these influences on both choice and preferences. Results showed consistent effects of descriptive social norms, influencing both choice and preferences across the two experiments. When a resource cue was provided in Experiment 1, a small non-significant difference compared to the control condition indicated that information about resource states might affect choice. This effect was replicated with statistical significance in Experiment 2. No effect of such a cue was detected on preferences in either experiment. Present results suggest that the effects of descriptive social norms and resource cues are independent and additive.
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| 7. |
- Friedli, Iris, et al.
(författare)
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Clinical Trials of Diabetic Kidney Disease
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Medicine. - 2077-0383. ; 12:14
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chronic kidney disease (CKD) associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) (known as diabetic kidney disease, DKD) is a serious and growing healthcare problem worldwide. In DM patients, DKD is generally diagnosed based on the presence of albuminuria and a reduced glomerular filtration rate. Diagnosis rarely includes an invasive kidney biopsy, although DKD has some characteristic histological features, and kidney fibrosis and nephron loss cause disease progression that eventually ends in kidney failure. Alternative sensitive and reliable non-invasive biomarkers are needed for DKD (and CKD in general) to improve timely diagnosis and aid disease monitoring without the need for a kidney biopsy. Such biomarkers may also serve as endpoints in clinical trials of new treatments. Non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), particularly multiparametric MRI, may achieve these goals. In this article, we review emerging data on MRI techniques and their scientific, clinical, and economic value in DKD/CKD for diagnosis, assessment of disease pathogenesis and progression, and as potential biomarkers for clinical trial use that may also increase our understanding of the efficacy and mode(s) of action of potential DKD therapeutic interventions. We also consider how multi-site MRI studies are conducted and the challenges that should be addressed to increase wider application of MRI in DKD.
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| 8. |
- Johansson, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Diabetes, prediabetes, and atrial fibrillation : a population-based cohort study based on national and regional registers
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Internal Medicine. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0954-6820 .- 1365-2796. ; 294:5, s. 605-615
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Previous studies have shown an increased risk for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter (AF) in people with type 2 diabetes and prediabetes. It is unclear whether this increase in AF risk is independent of other risk factors for AF.Objective: To investigate the association between diabetes and different prediabetic states, as independent risk factors for the onset of AF.Methods: We performed a population-based cohort study in Northern Sweden, including data on fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, major cardiovascular risk factors, medical history, and lifestyle factors. Participants were divided into six groups depending on glycemic status and followed through national registers for AF diagnosis. Cox proportional hazard model was used to assess the association between glycemic status and AF, using normoglycemia as reference.Results: The cohort consisted of 88,889 participants who underwent a total of 139,661 health examinations. In the model adjusted for age and sex, there was a significant association between glycemic status and development of AF in all groups except the impaired glucose tolerance group, with the strongest association for the group with known diabetes (p-value <0.001). In a model adjusted for sex, age, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, antihypertensive drugs, cholesterol, alcohol, smoking, education level, marital status, and physical activity, there was no significant association between glycemic status and AF.Conclusions/interpretation: The association between glycemic status and AF disappears upon adjustment for potential confounders. Diabetes and prediabetes do not appear to be independent risk factors for AF.
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| 9. |
- Johansson, Cecilia, 1988-
(författare)
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Risk markers and incidence of atrial fibrillation in northern Sweden
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common clinically significant arrythmia with a prevalence of approximately 3% in the general population. Less is known about the incidence of AF. In order to reduce the incidence of AF, it is of essence to identify modifiable risk factors for the disease.Aims: The aims of this thesis were (1) to estimate the incidence of AF and to assess the prevalence of provoking factors and risk factors for stroke and systemic embolism at the time of AF diagnosis, (2) to study the association between alcohol consumption and risk of AF, (3) to study the association between weight, height, weight change, and risk of AF, and (4) to study the association between normal or high normal blood pressure (BP), compared to optimal BP, and risk of AF.Methods: To determine the incidence of AF and the prevalence of provoking factors and risk factors for stroke and systemic embolism at AF diagnosis, an observational study was performed between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2012, in the municipalities of Skellefteå and Norsjö, Västerbotten, Sweden. Diagnosis registries were searched for cases of incident AF. All AF diagnoses were verified by electrocardiogram. Data regarding provoking factors, type of AF and presence of risk factors for stroke and systemic embolism (as assessed by the CHA2DS2-VASc score) was obtained from medical records. Incidence was calculated by dividing the number of incident AF cases by the time at risk for the population.The association between alcohol consumption, weight, height, weight change, normal BP, high normal BP, and risk of AF was investigated in a population-based cohort study of participants of the Västerbotten Intervention Programme (VIP). Residents of Västerbotten County aged 30, 40, 50 and 60 years who had participated in the VIP health examinations between January 1, 1988, and September 5, 2014, were included. Individuals who had been diagnosed with AF before participating in the VIP were excluded. Study participants were followed until a diagnosis of AF, death, migration from the study area, or the end of the study on September 5, 2014. Incident AF cases were identified using the Swedish National Patient Registry. The health examinations included measurements of height and weight, systolic BP, diastolic BP, fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance, and cholesterol. Participants also answered a questionnaire addressing any history of diabetes and myocardial infarction, alcohol use, education level, smoking habits, medications, and physical activity. Optimal BP was defined as BP < 120/80 mm Hg. Normal BP was defined as BP 120–129/80–84 mm Hg. High normal BP was defined as BP 130–139/85–89 mm Hg. Hypertension was defined as BP ≥ 140/90 mm Hg. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to assess the associations between alcohol consumption, weight, height, weight change, normal BP, high normal BP, and risk of AF. These were performed with crude, age-adjusted, and multivariable models adjusted for other cardiovascular risk factors (age, sex, body mass index, hypertension, cholesterol, previous myocardial infarction, diabetes, problem drinking, smoking, education level, and leisure-time physical activity).Results: The incidence of AF was 4.0 cases of AF per 1000 person-years. In approximately one fifth of participants, a provoking factor was present at the first episode of AF. The CHA2DS2-VASc score was 2 or higher in 81% of participants. Permanent AF was the most common type of AF and was seen in about one third of the participants.When studying the association between alcohol consumption and risk of AF, 109,230 health examination participants were included in the study cohort and were followed for 1,484,547 person-years. During the study period, 5230 participants developed incident AF. Men with alcohol consumption in the highest quartile (≥ 4.83 standard drinks weekly) had a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.21 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09-1.34) for AF in a multivariable model when compared to men with an alcohol consumption in the lowest quartile (< 0.90 standard drinks weekly). In men, problem drinking was also associated with an increased risk of AF (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.10–1.39 in a multivariable model). Among women, no significant association between alcohol consumption, problem drinking, and risk of AF was identified.In a fully adjusted model, height, weight, body mass index, and body surface area were positively associated with risk of incident AF. Among participants who underwent two health examinations 10 years apart, 1142 persons developed AF. The mean weight change from baseline was a weight gain of 4.8%. There was no significant association between either weight gain or weight loss and risk of AF.In the study of the association between normal BP, high normal BP, and risk of AF, 109,697 persons with a total of 162,982 health examinations were included. Incident AF was diagnosed in 5260 participants. There was an increased risk of incident AF in persons with normal BP (HR 1.11, 95% CI 1.01–1.27) and in persons with high normal BP (HR 1.23, 95% CI 1.10–1.38) compared to optimal BP in a multivariable model. Systolic BP and diastolic BP were associated with risk of incident AF, with HRs of 1.11 (95% CI 1.10–1.13) and 1.13 (95% CI 1.09–1.16) per 10 mmHg, respectively, in multivariable models. A restricted cubic spline analysis indicated a gradually increasing risk of AF with increasing systolic BP and diastolic BP.Conclusions: AF has an incidence of 4.0 per 1000 person-years. Alcohol consumption and problem drinking were associated with higher risk of AF in men, but not in women. Weight, height, body mass index, and body surface area were associated with increased risk of incident AF. Normal BP and high normal BP, when compared to optimal BP, were associated with increased risk of incident AF.
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| 10. |
- Karlström, Anders, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Data-Driven Soft Sensors in Refining Processes – Pulp Property Estimation Using ARX-Models
- 2023
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Ingår i: BioResources. - 1930-2126 .- 1930-2126. ; 18:4, s. 8163-8186
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focuses on estimation of shives(wide) and fiber length in RGP82CD-refiners using an AutoRegressive eXogenous (ARX) structure in a data-driven soft sensor concept. Both external and internal variables are considered as model inputs. The pulp properties were sampled every 15 min from an on-line device positioned after the latency chest, whereas other process data were sampled every 6 seconds. Notably, despite the high data sampling rate, the development of robust models necessitated a dataset spanning over two months of process information. The external variables studied in this paper were specific energy, the sawmill chip content, plate gaps, and dilution water feed rates to each refining zone. Additional internal variables, such as the inlet flat zone temperature, the maximum temperature, and the periphery temperature in the conical zone, were also used as model inputs. It was concluded that both shives(wide) and fiber length can be estimated with relatively good accuracy although large uncertainties exist in the measured properties. Finally, it was shown that fast pulp property dynamics in the blow-line can be followed, which outperforms current practices of using pulp measurement devices positioned after the latency chest. This offers implementation of more advanced future pulp property control concepts.
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