| 1. |
- Nerhagen, Lena, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Policy Diffusion, Environmental Federalism, and Economic Efficiency : How Institutions Influence the Implementation of EU Legislation in Two Nordic Countries
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis. - : Cambridge University Press. - 2194-5888 .- 2152-2812.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We explore the changes in central government administration due to European Union (EU) membership and its consequences for policy outcomes and economic efficiency in Finland and Sweden. Both countries became members of the EU in 1995. Upon joining the union, member states are expected to adopt common legislation and are encouraged to develop similar rule-making procedures. The actual implementation of EU directives varies considerably between member states, however. This is also the case for Finland and Sweden. Despite the two Nordic countries for historical reasons having had similar government systems, upon becoming members of the EU, they started to diverge. Using a model of delegation and comparing the more centralized Finnish system with the decentralized institutional setup in Sweden, we show that the Swedish approach leads to a stricter than optimal environmental policy, which in turn makes EU policy non-optimal from a global point of view, ceteris paribus. We also provide empirical support for our findings in the form of some example cases. We focus on environmental policy since this is an area that has been high on the EU agenda.
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| 2. |
- Jussila Hammes, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
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Ex ante eller ex post – när bör Sverige bedöma EU-lagstiftningens konsekvenser?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - Stockholm : Nationalekonomiska föreningen. - 0345-2646. ; 51:6, s. 39-51
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Vi föreslår en förbättrad process för arbetet med EU-lagstiftning i Sverige, baserad på exempel från Danmark och Finland. Sverige gör i bästa fall konsekvensanalyser när lagstiftningsprocessen har kommit till fasen för nationell implementering. EU:s lagstiftningsprocess börjar dock redan när rykten börjar cirkulera om att kommissionen ska föreslå ny reglering. I nästa fas får medlemsländerna mer information om kommissionens planer i form av kommissionens arbetsprogram, en färdplan, eller en grön- eller vitbok. Senast i detta skede bör en ex ante nuläges- och konsekvensanalys göras enligt finsk modell. Effektivare ex post-implementering kan stödjas av införandet av ett implementeringsråd enligt dansk modell.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Nerhagen, Lena, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Policy diffusion, environmental federalism and economic efficiency : how culture and institutions influence the implementation of EU legislation in two Nordic countries
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This article explores the changes in central government administration due to European Union (EU) membership and their consequences for policy outcomes and economic efficiency in Finland and Sweden. Both countries became members of the EU in 1995. Upon joining the union, member states are expected to adopt common legislation and encouraged to develop similar rule-making procedures. The actual implementation of EU directives varies considerably between member states, however. This is also the case for Finland and Sweden. Despite the two Nordic countries for historical reasons having had similar government systems, upon becoming members of the EU they started to diverge. Using a model of delegation and comparing the more centralized Finnish system with the decentralized institutional setup in Sweden, we show that the Swedish approach leads to stricter than optimal environmental policy, which in turn makes EU policy non-optimal from a global point of view, ceteris paribus. We also provide empirical support for our findings in the form of some example-cases. We focus on environmental policy since this is an area that has been high on the EU agenda.
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| 5. |
- Nerhagen, Lena, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Use of public transport as a means to reach national climate objectives - On the importance of accounting for spatial differences and costs, Transport Policy
- 2023
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Ingår i: Transport Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0967-070X .- 1879-310X. ; 131, s. 56-65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sweden has since the end of the 1990s, when the environmental objective system was adopted, had the ambitionof being an environmental frontrunner. In line with this, in 2009 the Parliament adopted the goal of achieving afossil free vehicle fleet in 2030. Replacing private car use with public transport is expected to contribute to thisgoal. In 2008, a co-operation between actors in the public transport sector was launched with support from theGovernment with the aim to double its use. Sweden however is a country with important geographical differ-ences. Much of the country is sparsely populated, especially in the north. From previous research it is well knownthat usage of public transport is dependent on population density and accessibility to employment and schools.Understanding how spatial differences influence the cost of public transport provision is therefore crucial whendiscussing if public transport is a cost-efficient way to achieve national goals for the transport sector. In thispaper, Swedish county level panel data, including variables that provide information on geographical differencesbetween the counties, have been used to estimate average marginal costs of boardings. Results show that theseare much lower in the three counties with the largest urbanized areas. In the other counties there is a variationwhich illustrates that there are a number of factors that influence the average marginal costs. In relation to policy, we find that the doubling ambition established in 2008 has not been achieved.
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| 6. |
- Jussila Hammes, Johanna, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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The Influence of Individual Characteristics and Institutional Norms on Bureaucrats' Use of Cost-Benefit Analysis: A Choice Experiment
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 2194-5888 .- 2152-2812. ; 12:2, s. 258-286
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A commonly assumed reason for the delegation of authority from a legislature (politicians) to bureaucracies is that the bureaucrats have an information advantage over the politicians, including knowledge of cost-benefit analysis (CBA). But it is reasonable to assume that the bureaucrats use their information advantage by taking all relevant aspects of policy into account? We model the use of CBA using a delegation model and then test the theoretical predictions with empirical data collected from five Swedish government agencies. The empirical results lend support both for the hypothesis that risk aversion concerning the environmental outcome, the bureaucrats' environmental attitudes, and the cost of taking CBA information into account have a considerable impact on the probability of using information from a CBA. Hence risk averse and bureaucrats with strong environmental preferences are less likely and bureaucrats with low cost of doing a CBA more likely than other bureaucrats to use CBA information. Finally, a binding governmental budget constraint may positively influence a bureaucrat's choice of using CBA information. A tentative conclusion is therefore that it may be possible to increase the use of CBA by making the budgetary consequences of policies much clearer and demanding due consideration of costs.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Nerhagen, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Brist på samhällsekonomisk effektivitet i den svenska miljö-politiken försvårar EU:s miljöarbete
- 2021
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - : Nationalekonomiska föreningen. - 0345-2646. ; 49:7, s. 28-38
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Denna artikel analyserar det svenska förvaltningsarbetet på miljöområdet somär ett av de områden där EU:s politik har stor inverkan. Baserat på aktuellforskning redovisas här hur det svenska arbetet avviker från EU:s arbetssätt. Enoklar ansvarsfördelning och brist på samhällsekonomiska konsekvensanalyserleder till att den svenska implementeringen av EU:s miljöpolitik ofta ger litenmiljönytta i förhållande till kostnaderna och riskerar att underminera tilltrontill miljöarbetet inom hela EU. Det verkar som att svenska politiker och besluts-fattare hellre bedriver överbudspolitik med målen än låter sig begränsas avkärva konsekvensanalyser.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Hansson, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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Regulatory measurements in policy coordinated practices : The case of promoting renewable energy and cleaner transport in Sweden
- 2019
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 11:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- International organisations, such as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Union (EU), are seeking to implement a cohesive Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) system in order to achieve better regulation and increased unity and transparency. Central to these evaluations is the use of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and related tools. A comprehensive analysis of the use of impact assessment in the EU shows that many assessments lack important economic components. This paper draws on an extensive document study of the Swedish policy making process related to the EU Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. The aim of the paper is to examine how CBA is presented, negotiated and accounted for by central actors within a policy setting influenced by negotiation and policy coordination. The paper departs from a theoretical perspective on policy coordination and shows how this factor must be considered when explaining the low use of CBA. It concludes that the Swedish policy tradition, wherein the national government relies on consensus-based coordination between agencies, might counteract a more explicit assessment of different policy options. The paper also proposes a model that can be used for further studies on CBA and policy coordination.
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