| 1. |
- Hansson, Sven Ove, et al.
(författare)
-
Time horizons and discount rates in Swedish environmental policy : Who decides and on what grounds?
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Futures. - : Elsevier. - 0016-3287 .- 1873-6378. ; 76, s. 55-66
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interviews with Swedish authorities reveal large variations in the time horizons and discount rates used in their policy decisions. The time horizon, i.e. the future time period for which effects are included in the analysis, is seldom longer than 40-50 years, and nuclear waste is the only area in which a time horizon longer than 100 years is used regularly. Discount rates for non-commercial purposes vary between 2 per cent and 4 per cent, with 4 per cent as the most common rate. The differences between policy areas appear to be unsystematic and insufficiently justified. We suggest that there may be a need for coordination and, possibly, harmonization, of the choices of time horizons and discount rates.
|
|
| 2. |
- Hansson, Sven Ove, et al.
(författare)
-
Making climate policy efficient : Implementing a model for environmental policy efficiency
- 2015
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Sustainable Society. - 1756-2538 .- 1756-2546. ; 7:1, s. 1-21
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We propose a framework for studies of efficiency in environmental policies in the form of a conceptual policy cycle. The policy cycle’s six major elements are goal-setting, choice of policy instruments, enforcement, changes in behaviour of public and private agents, effects of policy measures and, finally, evaluation. Through iterating the policy cycle (or parts of it), efficiency in environmental policies can be improved. We apply the policy cycle to climate policies, both mitigation and adaptation, and identify important areas for future research.
|
|
| 3. |
- Baard, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
-
Scenarios and sustainability : tools for alleviating the gap between municipal means and responsibilities in adaptation planning
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Local Environment. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1354-9839 .- 1469-6711. ; 17:6-7, s. 641-662
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adaptation to climate change often involves long-time frames and uncertainties over the consequences of chosen adaptation measures. In this study, two tools designed for assisting local decision-makers in adaptation planning were tested: socio-economic scenarios and sustainability analysis. The objective was to study whether these tools could be of practical relevance to Swedish municipalities and facilitate local-level climate change adaptation. We found that the municipal planners who participated in the testing generally considered the tools useful and of high relevance, but that more time was needed to use the tools than was provided during the test process.
|
|
| 4. |
- Angelov, Nikolay, et al.
(författare)
-
Green jobs
- 2011
-
Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
- Vredin Johansson, Maria, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
-
Can we buy time? Evaluation of the Swedish government's grant to remediation of contaminated sites
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 92:4, s. 1303-1313
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The major aim of this paper is to analyze how government funding affects the pace of progress in four states of the remediation process of contaminated sites, from basic risk classification to cleanup. We introduce a methodological framework that takes into account the unobserved site-heterogeneity and simultaneously models duration in the different states. The results show that although site-heterogeneity contributes to make remediation a slow process, the third state, from the elaborate risk classification to the cleanup start, is a particular bottleneck. Even if government funding can speed up the process at this state, the effect is minuscule compared to the amounts of funding required. Thus, there is a need for policy to also focus on other barriers to remediation.
|
|
| 7. |
- Forslund, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
-
Does remediation save lives? - on the cost of cleaning up arsenic-contaminated sites in Sweden.
- 2010
-
Ingår i: The Science of the total environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1026 .- 0048-9697. ; 408:16, s. 3085-91
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sweden has only just begun remediation of its many contaminated sites, a process that will cost an estimated SEK 60,000 million (USD 9100 million). Although the risk assessment method, carried out by the Swedish EPA, is driven by health effects, it does not consider actual exposure. Instead, the sites are assessed based on divergence from guideline values. This paper uses an environmental medicine approach that takes exposure into account to analyse how cancer risks on and near arsenic-contaminated sites are implicitly valued in the remediation process. The results show that the level of ambition is high. At 23 contaminated sites, the cost per life saved varies from SEK 287 million to SEK 1,835,000 million, despite conservative calculations that in fact probably underestimate the costs. It is concluded that if environmental health risks are to be reduced, there are probably other areas where economic resources can be used more cost-effectively.
|
|
| 8. |
- Svensson, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
-
Willingness to pay for private and public road safety in stated preference studies : Why the difference?
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - Oxford, United Kingdom : Elsevier. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 42:4, s. 1205-1212
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Estimates of the willingness to pay (WTP) for a mortality risk reduction can be used to calculate the value of a statistical life, which is a major component in many economic evaluations of environmental and safety policies. Previous research on the WTP for risk reductions using stated preference methods have found that the mean WTP for public risk reductions is significantly smaller compared to the mean WTP for private risk reductions of equal magnitude. Hence, the use of a private or public scenario in stated preference studies of e.g. environmental or safety policies may strongly determine the outcome of the economic evaluation. In this paper we use a stated preference survey to show that WTP for a private risk reduction is three times higher compared to a public risk reduction and a significant part of the difference can be explained by respondents’ attitudes towards privately and publicly provided goods in general.
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- Forslund, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
-
Is it wise to combine environmental and labour market policies? : An analysis of a Swedish subsidy programme
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Ecological Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-8009 .- 1873-6106. ; 65:3, s. 547-558
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 1998 the Swedish government launched its largest ecological subsidization programme to date, the Local Investment Programme (LIP). By having two political objectives; to step up the pace at which Sweden transforms into an ecologically sustainable society and to reduce unemployment, the programme did not conform to the "one-instrument-per-objective" policy guideline often advocated by economists. Concentrating on a subset of the subsidized projects, the projects for we evaluate how effectively the LIP's separate political remediation of contaminated sites, objectives were fulfilled. Between 1998 and 2002,,C 670 million (SEK 6.2 billion) were allocated to over 1800 different projects under the LIP. Twenty-four, i.e. one percent, of the projects aimed at remediation of contaminated sites. These projects received a disproportionate amount, six percent, of the total LIP subsidies. By using data on both accepted and rejected remediation projects, we find that the LIP's ecological sustainability objective could have been achieved better if the most hazardous sites had been prioritized to a greater extent. Furthermore, society's cost for the employment opportunities generated in the remediation projects was higher than society's cost for the equivalent number of employment opportunities generated in traditional labour market policies. Although other subsets of the LIP projects may have been more successful in achieving the programme's separate objectives, our results illustrate inefficiencies that may arise from a desire to attain several political objectives through a single policy instrument.
|
|
