| 1. |
- Fredriksson, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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The equilibrium impact of unemployment insurance on unemployment : Evidence from a non-linear policy rule
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Public Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0047-2727 .- 1879-2316. ; 187
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We estimate the "macro effect" of an increase in the generosity of unemployment insurance (UI) on unemployment in Sweden using regional data. The national UI benefit formula features a benefit ceiling and a statutory replacement rate, and does not take regional wage differentials into account. Changes in the national rules are useful for identification, since a change in the benefit ceiling, for example, has a greater impact on UI generosity in a high-wage region than in a low-wage region because a greater fraction of the workforce will be affected by the benefit ceiling in the high-wage region. We implement this identification strategy using data for the Swedish municipalities over the time period 1992-2014. Our estimates suggest that the macro elasticity of an increase in UI on unemployment is around 3. This is twice as large as the corresponding "micro elasticity", which we estimate to 1.4-1.5 using data from the same time period.
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| 2. |
- Sibbmark, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Marknadsmekanismer i teori och praktik : erfarenheter från etableringslotsarna
- 2016
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Införandet av etableringslotsar 2010 utgick från ett valfrihets- och konkurrenstänkande: nyanlända kunde välja bland privata aktörer som hade stor frihet i att utforma insatser för att underlätta etablering på arbetsmarknaden. Genom val- och etableringsfrihet i kombination med delvis resultatbaserade ersättningar till lotsarna skulle marknadsmekanismer göra att de mest effektiva företagen och arbetssätten gynnades. Vi finner att lotsmarknaden snabbt kom att domineras av ett mindre antal aktörer med verksamhet över stora delar av landet. Många lotsar nischade in sig mot personer från ett enskilt födelseland och vissa kunde också expandera på detta sätt. Över tid växte betydande geografiska skillnader fram avseende konkurrensen på lotsmarknaden. Lotsarnas arbetssätt varierade, men skillnaderna i övergångar till arbete var små och vi ser inte att några företag hade tydligt högre andelar deltagare i jobb. Vi finner inga tecken på att individernas val av lots har styrts av chans till jobb, varken inledningsvis eller vid byten. De nyanlända har istället efterfrågat och fått socialt och praktiskt stöd. Resultaten indikerar att vägen till ökade intäkter för lotsarna tycks ha gått via att attrahera deltagare snarare än att få deltagarna i arbete. Sammantaget verkar inte marknadsmekanismerna ha fungerat som det var tänkt, åtminstone inte ur ett arbetsmarknadsperspektiv.
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| 3. |
- Holmlund, Bertil, et al.
(författare)
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Estimating Dynamic Income Responses to Tax Reform
- 2011
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Ingår i: The B.E. Journals in Economic Analysis & Policy. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1935-1682 .- 1935-1682. ; 11:1, s. 71-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study income responses to income tax changes by using a large panel of Swedish tax payers over the period 1991-2002. Changes in statutory tax rates as well as changes in tax bracket thresholds provide exogenous variations in tax rates that can be used to identify income responses. We estimate dynamic income models which allow us to distinguish between short-run and long-run effects in a straightforward fashion. For men, the estimates of the long-run elasticity of income with respect to the net-of-tax rate hover in a range between 0.10 and 0.30. The estimates for women are statistically insignificant. We simulate the fiscal consequences of a tax reform that reduces the top marginal tax rate by five percentage points. Such a reform may have negligible effects on tax revenues when the interactions between income taxes and other taxes are taken into account.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Holmlund, Bertil, et al.
(författare)
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Estimating Income Responses to Tax Changes : A Dynamic Panel Data Approach
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Recent research on the behavioral effects of income taxes has to a large extent focused on the elasticity of taxable income with respect to the net-of-tax rate, i.e., one minus the marginal tax rate. We offer new evidence on this matter by making use of a large panel of Swedish tax payers over the period 1991-2002. Changes in statutory tax rates as well as discretionary changes in tax bracket thresholds provide exogenous variations in tax rates that can be used to identify income responses. We estimate dynamic income models which allow us to distinguish between short-run and long-run effects in a straightforward fashion. The estimates of the long-run elasticity of income with respect to the net-of-tax rate typically hover in a range between 0.20 and 0.30. The short-run elasticities are in general smaller but less precisely estimated. We use the estimates to simulate the fiscal consequences of a tax reform that reduces the top marginal tax rate by five percentage points. Such a reform turns out to have negligible effects on tax revenues and may even yield a fiscal surplus.
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| 6. |
- Söderström, Martin, 1975-
(författare)
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Evaluating Institutional Changes in Education and Wage Policy
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of four self-contained essays. Essay I (written with Roope Uusitalo) studies the effects of school choice on segregation. We analyse a reform in Stockholm that changed the admission system of public upper secondary schools. Before 2000, students were assigned to their nearest school, but from the fall of 2000, students can apply to any school, and admission is based on grades only. The distribution of students over schools changed dramatically as a response to extending school choice. As expected, segregation by ability increased. However, segregation by family background, as well as, segregation between immigrants and natives also increased significantly. Furthermore, the increase in segregation between immigrants and natives is not explained by differences in prior achievement.Essay II studies the effects of school choice on student achievement by analysing the Stockholm admission reform. Since all schools became open for application from anyone, and funding follows the students, the reform imposed strong incentives for school competition. It is shown that the reform has contributed to increase the between school variance in student outcomes. More importantly, the results indicate that students in Stockholm perform no better with increased choice availability. Essay III evaluates the introduction of individual wage bargaining for Swedish teachers. A centralized bargaining structure with wage scales was in 1996 replaced by a decentralized one, where teachers now negotiate their own wages. This paper investigates whether this system was a binding constraint, by studying the earnings structure of teachers during the 1990s. The results indicate reform effects, most pronounced for compulsory school teachers; both the age profile of earnings and earnings dispersion shifted. Furthermore, there are no indications that the returns to education and certification increase after the reform.Essay IV (written with Peter Fredriksson) examines the relationship between unemployment benefits and unemployment using Swedish regional data. To estimate the effect of an increase in unemployment insurance (UI) on unemployment we exploit the fact the generosity of UI varies regionally because there is a ceiling on benefits. The actual generosity of UI varies within region over time due to, e.g., differences in expected regional wage growth and variations in the benefit ceiling. We find that the actual generosity of UI does matter for regional unemployment. Increases in the actual replacement rate contribute to higher unemployment. We also show that removing the wage cap in UI benefit receipt would reduce the dispersion of regional unemployment.
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