| 1. |
- Ernest, Baraka, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of selected organic fertilizers on conditioning soil health of smallholder households in Karagwe, Northwestern Tanzania
- 2024
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Ingår i: Heliyon. - : Elsevier. - 2405-8440. ; 10:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soil management is a strategy for improving soil suffering from problems such as low pH, nutrient deficiency, and erosion. The study evaluated the effects of human urine (HU), biogas slurry (BS), standard compost (StC), animal manure (AM), and synthetic fertilizer (SF) in comparison with no soil fertility management (NFM) on soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil organic carbon (SOC), soil moisture content, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in the Karagwe district, a Northwestern Tanzania. Four household farms representing each soil amendment type were selected for soil sampling. A total of 192 soil samples were collected and air-dried. After laboratory analysis, BS-enriched soil had the highest pH (6.558), CEC (23.945 cmol+/kg), SOC (5.573%), soil moisture (5.573%), N (0.497%), P (247.130 mg/kg), K (3.036 cmol+/kg), Ca (18.983 cmol+/kg), Mg (4.076 cmol+/kg), Na (2.960 cmol+/kg), and Cu (12.548 mg/kg). Similar soil properties were lower in NFM than in the other soils. The soil properties on the chosen farms did not differ significantly depending on the sampling zone for each organic fertilizer. Therefore, the result indicates that all evaluated organic fertilizers improved soil health compared to NFM, but BS and HU fertilizers led to relatively better soil health improvements than StC, AM, and SF.
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| 2. |
- Fridahl, Mathias, 1980-
(författare)
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Handel med utsläppskrediter inom ramen för Sveriges nationella och internationella klimatåtaganden
- 2024
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sveriges långsiktiga nationella klimatmål är ett av världens mest ambitiösa. Sverige ska nå noll nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser till år 2045. Det ska ske genom att minska utsläppen med minst 85 procent jämfört med 1990. Kvarvarande utsläpp ska kompenseras genom så kallade kompletterande åtgärder, både inhemska åtgärder och internationella klimatsinaster.På senare tid har regeringens intresse för internationella klimatinsatser ökat. En delförklaring kan vara att Sveriges ekonomi präglas av en mycket låg koldioxidintensitet. Sverige har en av världens mest klimateffektiva ekonomier, i paritet med Schweiz och Danmark (Gütschow och Pflüger, 2022). Den låga koldioxidintensiteten innebär att marginalkostnaden för klimatåtgärder inom Sveriges territorium i många fall är hög i jämförelse med andra länder. En annan förklaring bakom det svenska intresset för internationella klimatinsatser är Sveriges historiskt stora engagemang i internationell politik. Relativt storleken på Sveriges ekonomi har Sverige en lång historia av att vara världsledande inom klimatrelaterat bistånd och klimatfinansiering. En del av detta engagemang tar sig uttryck genom svenska statens satsningar på internationella klimatinsatser inom ramkonventionen om klimatförändringar. Satsningen består dels av klimatrelaterat bistånd, bilateralt liksom genom stora bidrag till multilaterala fonder som den globala miljöfonden, gröna klimatfonden och anpassningsfonden, dels av Energimyndighetens program för internationella klimatinsatser.Parisavtalets Artikel 6 reglerar hur stater kan samarbeta internationellt. Skärningspunkten mellan FN:s reglering av samarbeten under Artikel 6, Sveriges ambitioner inom kompletterande åtgärder för att uppfylla nationella klimatmål och EU:s begräsningar av det svenska handlingsutrymmet är komplex. Denna rapport syftar till att skapa underlag för att förstå om den svenska satsningen på Artikel 6 bidrar till möjligheten att nå de svenska klimatmålen. Rapporten försöker reda ut:I hur stor utsträckning kan Sverige använda Artikel 6 som kompletterande åtgärd för att nå Sveriges nationella klimatmål givet de begräsningar som ges av EU:s klimatpolitiska rättsakter?Hur påverkas utrymmet att använda Artikel 6 för att uppnå Sveriges nationella klimatmål av möjligheterna att använda andra kompletterande åtgärder för att uppfylla svenska åtaganden gentemot EU?
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| 3. |
- Fridahl, Mathias, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Potential and goal conflicts in reverse auction design for bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)
- 2024
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Ingår i: Environmental Sciences Europe. - Stockholm : Springer Nature. - 2190-4707 .- 2190-4715. ; 36:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is considered as a future key technology to provide baseload electricity, heat, pulp, paper, and biofuels, while also enabling atmospheric carbon dioxide removal (CDR). Sweden seeks to lead the way in bringing this technology up to scale, introducing a EUR 3.6 billion reverse auction scheme to facilitate market entry of companies producing BECCS. We explore instrument design preferences among politicians, regulators, and prospective BECCS operators to identify trade-offs and explore feasible policy design.Based on 35 interviews with experts in the latent BECCS sector in Sweden, we identify under which circumstances prospective operators would be willing to place bids and discuss how actor preferences both align with and challenge auction theory. The analysis concludes that at least four dilemmas need attention. These concerns how to: (1) balance the state’s demand for BECCS to be implemented already in 2030 against the prospective BECCS operators’ fear of the winner’s curse, i.e., a fear of bidding for a contract that turns out to be too costly to implement; (2) allocate contracts at the margin of the auctioneer’s demand for BECCS without driving up costs; (3) design compliance mechanism to achieve effectiveness without undermining efficiency, and; 4) integrate the auction with the voluntary carbon market—if at all—in a manner that safeguards the environmental integrity of the auctions.
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| 4. |
- Lyngfelt, Anders, 1955, et al.
(författare)
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FinanceForFuture: Enforcing a CO 2 emitter liability using atmospheric CO 2 removal deposits (ACORDs) to finance future negative emissions
- 2024
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Ingår i: Energy Research and Social Science. - : Elsevier. - 2214-6296 .- 2214-6326. ; 107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The gigantic volumes of carbon dioxide (CO2) removal likely needed to comply with the Paris Agreement beg the question of who should pay for the negative emissions. Incentivizing negative emissions is difficult, as it entails reversing the fiscal attractiveness associated with carbon taxes and emissions trading in favour of the more unattractive need to pay for removals. The inherent difficulty of funding global public goods associated with large private costs will make it hard for future governments to share this burden among themselves. We propose that this problem can be solved by a CO2 emitter liability operationalized through Atmospheric CO2 Removal Deposits (ACORDs). Anyone that emits fossil CO2 to the atmosphere would be obliged to finance the removal of at least as much CO2 from the atmosphere. Linking the liability to ACORDs acknowledges that a major part of the negative emissions needs to be made in the future. The emitters' financial deposits, including earnings, can be redeemed upon certified proof of removal. The ACORDs system would comply with the widely accepted principle of producer liability, i.e., that companies are responsible for the damage caused by their products. The system would also provide additional incentives to reduce emissions and an innovative funding source for coming generations to accomplish negative emissions. Furthermore, inequity and historical emissions can be addressed by gradually increasing overcompensation. The paper also includes a critical assessment of the basis of negative emissions, i.e., the need, the technologies and their potentials, the costs, and the required retention time.
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| 5. |
- Nasiritousi, Naghmeh, et al.
(författare)
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Making the UNFCCC fit for purpose: A research agenda on vested interests and green spiralling
- 2024
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Ingår i: Global Policy. - : WILEY. - 1758-5880 .- 1758-5899.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How can the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) be made more effective? This paper argues that in order to make the UNFCCC fit for purpose, there is a need to identify the specific institutional reforms that can create ripple effects to accelerate climate action across governance levels and relevant organisations. Longstanding calls to reform the UNFCCC have targeted inefficient procedures with the intent to promote effective outcomes and - after entry into force of the Paris Agreement - to transform the UNFCCC towards holding more implementation-focused deliberations. Despite such calls, UNFCCC reform has been modest, at best. Central to the failure of reform proposals are vested interests with conflicts of interest that seek to obstruct climate action. Without addressing these elephants in the room, reform proposals will make modest contributions to overcoming key challenges. It is due time to start retargeting institutional reform from addressing procedural inefficiencies at the UNFCCC towards addressing vested interests. We propose a new research agenda to understand ways to undermine incumbent actors seeking to preserve business as usual and support new entrants that facilitate climate action through green spiralling. A reform process addressing vested interests could improve both procedural efficiency and implementation.
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| 6. |
- Olsson, Alexander, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Expectations on biochar as a climate solution in Sweden: Carbon dioxide removal with environmental co-benefits
- 2024
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Ingår i: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Transition. - : Elsevier BV. - 2667-095X. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While carbon dioxide removal is indispensable in net-zero climate policy, incentives to deploy removals are limited. Swedish public support to biochar is one exception. This paper draws on the Swedish case to explore expectations put on biochar and the significance of public support for fulfilling these expectations. The analysis shows that biochar is expected to contribute to several environmental objectives. However, while biochar producers and users voice expectations on strengthening the multifunctionality of landscapes, e.g., improved ecosystem resilience and reduced nutrient run-off, the authorities rather narrowly direct attention to the stability of biochar as a carbon storage. Nevertheless, public support is contributing to a small but important protective space for biochar development through three channels: First, through investment grants, which are crucial for the emerging Swedish biochar production capacity. Second, through demand-pull created by municipalities that specify high environmental safeguards, which favours domestic production over import. Third, indirectly through support of production facilities that enable intermediary activities for gathering and sharing knowledge. However, while recent changes to EU state aid regulation may be a game-changer, EU has until now acted as a barrier to support to carbon dioxide removal. This socio-technical regime resistance, combined with a lack of jointly articulated expectations on biochar, appear to have been preventing deployment on more significant scale.
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| 7. |
- Olsson, Alexander, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Forerunner city or net-zero opportunist? : Carbon dioxide removal in Stockholm, residual emissions and risks of mitigation deterrence
- 2024
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Ingår i: Energy Research & Social Science. - : Elsevier. - 2214-6296 .- 2214-6326. ; 113
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The City of Stockholm aims to achieve net-zero emissions by 2030 by compensating for residual emissions using bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). Relying heavily on negative emissions to reach the target, the city's strategy presents an interesting case of net-zero climate policymaking. Based on the analysis of interviews, City Council debates, and policy documents, the Stockholm case underscores the importance of understanding municipal climate policy in a multi-level policy setting, where the ability to govern emissions varies heavily between sectors depending on politics and policy at other levels of governance. Both waste incineration and road transport are perceived to include hard-to-abate emissions in 2030, partly due to governance linkages involving regional, national, and EU-level governing bodies. The energy utility, Stockholm Exergi, plans to implement BECCS, with funding from the EU and other public and private sources, at a heat and power plant. The unique opportunity to use BECCS as part of the city's net-zero target has made it possible to advance the net-zero goal from 2040 to 2030. However, there are risks that relying on BECCS may muffle public debate on what constitutes residual emissions in the city, subsequently leading to smaller municipal investments in emission reductions. Additionally, there are risks that the schedule for implementing BECCS is overly optimistic, meaning goal fulfilment may be threatened. However, this risk is not isolated to BECCS; similar risks are associated with combining fossil fuels with CCS. We recommend that the city critically examines the residual emissions, considers separate targets instead of a net-zero goal, and conducts risk assessments of key mitigation technologies to maintain its status as climate policy forerunner.
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| 8. |
- Scaini, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Pathways from research to sustainable development: Insights from ten research projects in sustainability and resilience
- 2024
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Ingår i: AMBIO. - : Springer Nature. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 53
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Drawing on collective experience from ten collaborative research projects focused on the Global South, we identify three major challenges that impede the translation of research on sustainability and resilience into better-informed choices by individuals and policy-makers that in turn can support transformation to a sustainable future. The three challenges comprise: (i) converting knowledge produced during research projects into successful knowledge application; (ii) scaling up knowledge in time when research projects are short-term and potential impacts are long-term; and (iii) scaling up knowledge across space, from local research sites to larger-scale or even global impact. Some potential pathways for funding agencies to overcome these challenges include providing targeted prolonged funding for dissemination and outreach, and facilitating collaboration and coordination across different sites, research teams, and partner organizations. By systematically documenting these challenges, we hope to pave the way for further innovations in the research cycle.
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| 9. |
- Bernardo, Carmela, et al.
(författare)
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Quantifying leadership in climate negotiations: A social power game
- 2023
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Ingår i: PNAS Nexus. - : National Academy of Sciences. - 2752-6542. ; 2:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We consider complex multistage multiagent negotiation processes such as those occurring at climate conferences and ask ourselves how can an agent maximize its social power, intended as influence over the outcome of the negotiation. This question can be framed as a strategic game played over an opinion dynamics model, in which the action of an agent consists in stubbornly defending its own opinion. We show that for consensus-seeking opinion dynamics models in which the interaction weights are uniform, the optimal action obeys to an early mover advantage principle, i.e. the agents behaving stubbornly in the early phases of the negotiations achieve the highest social power. When looking at data collected from the climate change negotiations going on at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, we find evidence of the use of the early mover strategy. Furthermore, we show that the social powers computed through our model correlate very well with the perceived leadership roles assessed through independent survey data, especially when non-uniform weights incorporating economical and demographic factors are considered.
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| 10. |
- Browne, Katherine, et al.
(författare)
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How does policy coherence shape effectiveness and inequality? Implications for sustainable development and the 2030 Agenda
- 2023
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Ingår i: Sustainable Development. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0968-0802 .- 1099-1719. ; 31:5, s. 3161-3174
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the formulation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, many promoted policy coherence as a key tool to ensure achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in a way that “leaves no one behind.” Their argument assumed that coherent policymaking contributes to more effective policies and supports over-arching efforts to reduce inequality. As the 2030 Agenda reaches the halfway point, however, countries are falling short on many SDGs, particularly SDG 10 (reduce inequality). This study revisits the basic assumptions about policy coherence underpinning the SDGs. We systematically screened the peer-reviewed literature to identify 40 studies that provide evidence about whether coherent policymaking contributes to more effective outcomes and helps to reduce inequality. We find that coherent policymaking did not help reduce inequality in a majority of cases and made it worse in several. Our findings challenge the narrative that coherence is a necessary pre-condition for progress on the SDGs for all people.
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